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🔆 India’s ARIES Scientists Spot Two Orbiting Black Holes 📍 Context: ✅ Astronomers, including researchers from ARIES (Nainital) and TIFR (Mumbai), have for the first time spotted two black holes orbiting each other, confirming a decades-old prediction. 📍 Discovery: ✅ The binary black hole system was found in quasar OJ287, located in a distant galaxy. ✅ These black holes orbit each other every 12 years — a phenomenon confirmed by global radio and optical observations. ✅ Key institutions involved: ARIES (DST, India), TIFR, University of Turku (Finland), and NASA’s TESS satellite. 📍 Observation Breakthrough: ✅ The RadioAstron space telescope, combined with ground observatories, achieved record-resolution imaging. ✅ It captured two distinct radio emissions — one from each black hole — confirming the binary model. ✅ The smaller black hole was seen launching a twisting jet of high-energy particles — the first-ever such visual evidence. 📍 Significance: ✅ Offers insight into black hole evolution, gravitational wave generation, and cosmic dynamics. ✅ Acts as a natural lab for studying spacetime ripples like those detected by LIGO and Virgo. 🧭 Mains Question: How does the discovery of orbiting black holes in quasar OJ287 enhance our understanding of gravitational waves and cosmic evolution? #prelims #GS3 #science_and_technology #science_technology Join @PIB_UPSC @upsc_science_and_technology

🔆 Buddha’s Sacred Relics Exposition in Russia ✅ Event: Exposition of Buddha’s Sacred Relics from India to Russia’s Kalmykia Republic (Elista) from 11–18 October 2025. ✅ Organized by: Ministry of Culture (India), in collaboration with International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), National Museum, and IGNCA. ✅ Significance: • First-ever relic exposition in Russia’s Buddhist-majority region. • Aims to deepen India-Russia cultural & spiritual ties. ✅ Highlights: • Relics enshrined at Golden Abode of Shakyamuni Buddha Monastery. • Led by UP Deputy CM Keshav Prasad Maurya with senior monks. • Includes exhibitions on Buddhist art, manuscripts, and stamps from 90 countries. • MoU planned between IBC and Central Spiritual Administration of Buddhists (Russia). ✅ Background: India earlier sent Buddha’s relics to Mongolia (2022), Thailand (2024), and Vietnam (2025). 🧭 Mains Question: How do cultural diplomacy initiatives like the Buddha Relics Exposition strengthen India’s soft power and international cultural engagement? #prelims #art_and_culture @studytoday1 @upsc_art_and_culture

🔆 PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana & Pulses Self-Reliance Mission – Key Highlights (Launch: 11 Oct 2025) 📍 Overview: ✅ PM Narendra Modi to launch two major agriculture initiatives from Pusa Campus, New Delhi. ✅ Over 1,100 projects worth ₹42,000 crore to be inaugurated across agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries & food processing sectors. 📍 PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana: ✅ To boost productivity in 100 low-yield districts using Aspirational Districts model. ✅ Focus: irrigation, crop diversification, credit access, and storage infra. ✅ Monitored through NITI Aayog Dashboard. 📍 Self-Reliance in Pulses Mission: ✅ Goal – expand pulse area 27.5M → 31M ha and production 24.2M → 35M tonnes by 2030–31. ✅ Productivity target – 880 → 1,130 kg/ha. ✅ 1.26 crore quintals of certified seeds & 88 lakh mini seed kits to be distributed. ✅ 1,000 pulse processing units with ₹25 lakh subsidy each. ✅ Govt agencies to procure 100% registered farmers’ produce at MSP. 📍 National Achievements in Agriculture: ✅ Foodgrain output ↑ 40% since 2014; India self-reliant in wheat & rice. ✅ 50 lakh+ farmers in 10,000 FPOs; 1,100 Crorepati FPOs. ✅ 10,000 PACS computerised under e-PACS scheme. ✅ 1 lakh organic farmers certified under Natural Farming Mission. 📘 Mains Question: Discuss how the PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana and Pulses Self-Reliance Mission can strengthen India’s food security and promote inclusive rural growth. #GS3 #Agriculture #goverment_schemes

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🔆 WORLD COTTON DAY 2025 📍 Context: ✅ Celebrated on 7 October 2025 in New Delhi, organized by the Ministry of Textiles & CITI, with the theme “Cotton 2040: Technology, Climate & Competitiveness.” 📍 India’s Cotton Ecosystem: ✅ Sector Scale: Supports 6 million farmers and 45 million jobs across the cotton value chain. ✅ Target: Textile sector to reach USD 350 billion by 2030, including USD 100 billion in exports. ✅ Goal: Achieve carbon neutrality by 2030 through efficient water use, renewable energy, and soil conservation. ✅ Kasturi Cotton Bharat: Promoted as a global brand representing purity, quality, and sustainability — India’s response to Egyptian Giza and American Supima. ✅ Cotton Productivity Mission: Planned to raise productivity (India: 450 kg/ha vs world avg 2,000 kg/ha) through modern agronomic practices. ✅ High-Density Planting System (HDPS): Encouraged for yield enhancement and efficient land use. 📍 Focus Areas: ✅ Technology-led transformation — precision farming, digital traceability, ginning modernization. ✅ Sustainability drive — contamination-free cotton, eco-certifications, and renewable energy integration. ✅ MoUs signed under Kasturi Cotton Bharat with Nitin Spinners, Arvind Ltd, RSR International, AIFCA, Beetle Regen, Hohenstein, ICAR-CIRCOT, and NAEC. 📍 Vision: ✅ Build a climate-smart, traceable, and globally competitive Indian cotton ecosystem aligned with the 5F Vision – Farm to Fibre to Factory to Fashion to Foreign. 🔆 COTTON – GROWING CONDITIONS 📍 Climate: ✅ Thrives in hot, sunny climates with a frost-free period of about 210 days. ✅ Requires high temperatures, light rainfall or irrigation, and bright sunshine for optimal growth. 📍 Soil Types: ✅ Grows best in black cotton soil (Deccan Plateau), deep alluvial soils (North India), black clayey soils (Central India), and mixed red-black soils (South India). 📍 Sensitivity: ✅ Moderately tolerant to salinity but highly sensitive to waterlogging. 📍 Growth Cycle: ✅ A Kharif crop that takes 6–8 months to mature. ✅ Conclusion: India’s cotton sector — rooted in ideal agro-climatic conditions and strengthened by technological and sustainability initiatives — is poised to become a global benchmark in climate-resilient fibre production by 2030. #Geography #agriculture https://t.me/PIB_UPSC

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🔆 Nationwide Outreach: Connecting Fishers and Policymakers Across 34 States/UTs 📍 Key Facts ✅ Organized by the Department of Fisheries (DoF), Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying, from April to September 2025. ✅ Over 15,000 fishers and fish farmers from 34 States/UTs participated in virtual feedback sessions led by Dr. Abhilaksh Likhi, Secretary, DoF. ✅ Objective: To capture grassroots voices for shaping India’s Fisheries and Aquaculture Roadmap. ✅ Covered coastal, inland, hill, island, and NE regions, ensuring representation from nearly every district. 📍 Stakeholder Feedback Highlights ✅ Emphasized need for quality fish seed, brood banks, affordable feed, and local feed mills. ✅ Called for strengthening infrastructure: transport, cage culture, cold storage, mini hatcheries, solar integration, and aquaculture logistics. ✅ Supported use of drones, transponders, and tech-based tools for safety and weather advisories. ✅ Urged focus on dedicated fish markets, processing plants, and modern cold chain systems for value addition. ✅ Suggested expanding PM Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) to cover seaweed, ornamental fish, and pearl farming. 📍 Sector Overview ✅ Fisheries – a Sunrise Sector sustaining 3 crore livelihoods; India is the 2nd-largest fish producer, contributing 8% to global output. ✅ Since 2015, Government has approved investments worth ₹38,572 crore, raising fish production to 195 lakh tonnes (2023-24) with 8.74% annual growth. ✅ DoF is promoting cluster-based aquaculture hubs and FFPOs to boost exports and local value chains. 📍 Vision ✅ The feedback will shape an inclusive, sustainable, and farmer-centric 5-year roadmap, aligning with the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. 📍 Mains Question: Discuss the significance of participatory policy frameworks in strengthening India’s fisheries and aquaculture sector in the context of sustainable blue growth #BlueEconomy #economy #science_technology #FisheriesDevelopment Join @PIB_UPSC @upsc_4_economy

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