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🔆 Traditional Ritual Theatres of India (UNESCO ICH) 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ UNESCO has inscribed Kutiyattam, Mudiyettu, Ramman, and Ramlila on its Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), recognising their cultural, spiritual, and social value . 📍 Key Highlights: ✅ Kutiyattam (Kerala): 2000+ years old Sanskrit theatre; blends classical texts with Kerala traditions; uses neta abhinaya (eye) & hasta abhinaya (hand gestures); performed in kuttampalams (temple theatres); rigorous 10–15 years training . ✅ Mudiyettu (Kerala): Ritual dance-drama of Goddess Kali vs. Darika; performed annually in Bhagavati Kavus after harvest; involves entire village; integrates ritual drawings, masks, dance & music . ✅ Ramman (Uttarakhand): Annual April festival in Saloor-Dungra, honouring Bhumiyal Devta; features Ramayana recitations, masked dances, caste-based roles; instruments: dhol, damau, manjira, jhanjhar, bhankora . ✅ Ramlila (North India): Dramatization of Lord Rama’s life; based on Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas; performed widely during Dussehra, esp. in Ayodhya, Varanasi, Vrindavan . 📍 Significance: ✅ Preserve myth, memory & community identity. ✅ Thrive on collective participation & apprenticeship (guru-shishya parampara). ✅ Fusion of art forms: drama, music, rituals, crafts. ✅ UNESCO recognition ensures safeguarding & global awareness. 📍 Institutional Role: ✅ Sangeet Natak Akademi (1953): Documentation, archiving, training camps, awards (SNA Awards, Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar), festivals, and UNESCO/state collaborations for preservation . ✅ Mains Question: “Ritual theatres in India embody living traditions of culture, devotion, and social cohesion. Discuss their relevance in the modern context and the role of institutions in safeguarding them.” ✨ #IntangibleHeritage

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🔆 Foodgrain Storage & Resilience in India (2025) 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ India achieved record foodgrain production of 353.96 MT (2024–25) . ✅ Strengthening storage is vital to cut post-harvest losses, stabilise prices, and secure food security. 📍 Key Highlights: ✅ Central Pool Capacity: 917.83 LMT with FCI & state agencies . ✅ Cold Storage: 8,815 units, 40.21 MT capacity, preserving perishables. ✅ PACS: 5,937 new units registered; 73,492 computerised for decentralised storage. ✅ Schemes: AIF, AMI, PMKSY, World’s Largest Grain Storage Plan boosting warehousing, cold chains & farmer income security . 📍 Impact: ✅ Minimises wastage, prevents distress sales, stabilises prices, ensures NFSA & PDS delivery, and supports processing industry. ✨ #FoodSecurity #AgriInfrastructure

🔆 Indian Ports Act, 2025: Modernising Maritime Governance 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ Replaces the century-old Indian Ports Act, 1908 with a forward-looking framework. ✅ Aims to transform ports into engines of growth, employment, and connectivity. 📍 Key Highlights: ✅ Establishes Maritime State Development Council (MSDC) as a statutory consultative body. ✅ Recognises State Maritime Boards to manage non-major ports. ✅ Introduces global green norms, disaster readiness & digitalisation for Ease of Doing Business. ✅ Strengthens tariff regulation, dispute resolution, and environmental safeguards aligned with global standards. ✅ Enhances safety with stricter penalties and compliance with MARPOL, Ballast Water Management norms. 📍 Transformative Impact: ✅ Anchors cooperative federalism by empowering states. ✅ Boosts India’s maritime competitiveness & aligns with global best practices. ✅ Embeds sustainability, digitalisation, and dispute resolution at the core of port operations. ✅ Mains Q: “Discuss the significance of the Indian Ports Act, 2025 in modernising India’s maritime governance and its role in enhancing cooperative federalism and global competitiveness.” ✨ #MaritimeGovernance #EaseOfDoingBusiness

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🔆 Non-Renewable Sources of Energy 📍 Overview ✅ Fossil fuels = stored solar energy from prehistoric plants/animals. ✅ Major types: Coal, Petroleum (oil), Natural Gas, Nuclear energy. ✅ Formed during Carboniferous Period (275–350 million years ago). 📍 Coal ✅ Formed from buried plants/vegetation → peat → lignite → bituminous → anthracite. ✅ Grades: • Lignite (brown coal) – lowest carbon/energy. • Bituminous (soft coal) – widely used. • Anthracite (hard coal) – highest carbon/energy. ✅ Sulphur content matters – low sulphur coal preferred (less SO₂ emissions). Problems with Coal Mining • Surface Mining: habitat loss, soil erosion, dust, noise, water pollution. • Underground Mining: subsidence, acid mine drainage, methane fires. • Usage: Thermal power burning → major air pollution source. 📍 Petroleum (Mineral Oil) ✅ Formed from marine biomass buried under heat & pressure for millions of years. ✅ Found in tectonic belts/depositional basins. ✅ Extracted crude = refined into gasoline, kerosene, diesel, naphtha, lubricants, asphalt. ✅ By-products: Petrochemicals → plastics, fibres, pesticides, medicines. Problems with Oil & Gas • Methane leakage → greenhouse effect. • Subsidence during extraction. • Brine (saltwater) by-product → groundwater contamination risk. • Ocean pollution: ~50% natural seepage, ~20% from wells, pipelines, tankers. 📍 Natural Gas ✅ Mostly methane (50–90%), with ethane, propane, butane + small H₂S. ✅ Often found above petroleum reservoirs. ✅ Two types: • Conventional NG: tapped above oil reservoirs. • Unconventional NG: independent deposits; costlier extraction. ✅ LPG: propane + butane liquefied, stored in cylinders. ✅ LNG: methane converted to liquid at very low temperature. ✅ Uses: cooking fuel, carbon black for tyres, cleaner burning vs coal. 📍 Nuclear Energy ✅ Nuclear fission: splitting atoms (uranium, plutonium) → energy. ✅ Breeder reactors: generate more fissile material than consumed. ✅ Fusion reactors: experimental, mimic sun’s energy (hydrogen → helium). Problems • Radioactive waste disposal → long-term environmental risk. • Accidents (Chernobyl, Fukushima) → catastrophic. • Uranium mining hazards. • Weapons proliferation risk. India’s Radioactive Mineral Ores: • Uranium – Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan. • Thorium – Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Odisha beach sands. Essence: Non-renewables remain India’s backbone for energy security, but pose major environmental & sustainability challenges, necessitating gradual transition to renewables. ✨ #EnergyResources #Prelims #GeneralScience

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🔆 World Food India 2025: India as a Global Food Hub 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ MoFPI’s flagship event (Sept 25–28, 2025) at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. ✅ Largest edition yet → 90+ countries, 2,000+ exhibitors. ✅ Partner Countries: New Zealand & Saudi Arabia; Focus Countries: Japan, UAE, Vietnam, Russia . 📍 Key Highlights ✅ India: Largest producer of milk, onions, pulses; 2nd largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, tea, fruits & vegetables, eggs. ✅ Food processing exports (2024–25): USD 49.4 bn, with 20.4% share of processed food (vs 13.7% in 2014–15). ✅ Employment: 2.23M workers (registered units), 4.68M (unregistered sector). ✅ Infra: 24 mega food parks, 22 agro-processing clusters, 289 cold chain projects, 305 processing units completed. ✅ PLI schemes: ₹10,900 cr (food processing) + Millet-based PLI to boost RTE/RTC millet products. ✅ Govt reforms: 100% FDI in food processing, ₹2,000 cr NABARD fund for Food Parks, PMKSY & PMFME for infra & micro-units. 📍 Event Features ✅ High-level CEO roundtables, B2B/B2G meets, startup showcases, food-tech exhibitions. ✅ Alongside: 3rd Global Food Regulators Summit (FSSAI) & 24th India Intl. Seafood Show (SEAI). ✅ Focus pillars: sustainability, innovation, entrepreneurship, infra, global leadership. 📍 Implications ✅ Strengthens India’s role in global food value chains. ✅ Boosts farmer incomes, rural jobs, and export competitiveness. ✅ Supports Viksit Bharat 2047 vision through climate-smart, innovation-driven food processing.

✅ Mains Question: “Evaluate the significance of World Food India 2025 in positioning India as a global food hub. How can food processing reforms enhance rural prosperity and export competitiveness?” (250 words)

✨ #FoodProcessing #economy

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