VK IAS by Vikas kanukollu (VK)
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Trying to be the person that my younger self needed🙂. Pls Read the pinned messages and FAQs before texting me Formerly called UPSC highlights,All the work done on this channel is in tandem with fair use policy of IPR laws. Enquiries : @vk_ias
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Repost from TgId: 1499961140
#Art_and_Culture #History
✅Gs-1 : History - Harappan Language and Script- Note -Script ≠ language.
🔰Facts :
1. Harappan script: ~2600–1900 BCE, undeciphered.
2. Average inscription length: 5 signs.
3. Found on seals, pottery, amulets.
4. No bilingual inscription (unlike Brahmi).
5. Ministry of Culture conference (Sept 2024) on decipherment.
🔰Analysis :
1. There are Multiple hypotheses: Sanskrit, Dravidian, tribal (Santali, Gondi).
2. Decipherment requires bilingual artefact and rigorous interdisciplinary methods.
3. Language evolves; one-to-one mapping uncertain.
⚠️@historyhighlights for high value history snippets from news
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✅Gs-1 : Urbanization- Case study- Kerala
🅾️Take this as a case study for UPSC mains and interviews :
🅾️Importance- Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC)- first state-level urban commission in India (2023), tasked with designing a 25-year urbanization roadmap for the state.
🅾️Recommendations (Structured into Four Areas)
⚜️1. Climate & Risk-aware Zoning:Use high-resolution LiDAR mapping of landslides, coastal inundation, flood-prone zones
⚜️2. Build real-time observatories (climate, hazards, population dashboards).
⚜️3. Finance- “Janashree” programme → recruit/deploy youth in city governance.
⚜️4. Governance Innovation: Replace bureaucratic rule with city cabinets led by mayors.
⚠️ Trap: Don’t confuse KUPC with Smart Cities Mission. KUPC is state-level systemic planning body.
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⚠️ALERT : For candidates preparing for 2025 Personality test!
Watch these videos- Issues of High importance- they are designed to structure your arguments for MAINS and Interview- https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQHWHNQUHjwPIPZlMmZcj_BEbTYlK8OLM&si=buYjtys54UPByuzC
Repost from TgId: 1456907475
✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of Resources- FDI
⚠️Reasons for Weak Capital Inflows :
🅾️Policy unpredictability: Sudden regulatory moves scare investors (taxes, compliance).
🅾️Valuation mismatch: Indian start-ups had inflated valuations during 2020–21; correction underway.
🅾️Ease of doing business bottlenecks: Implementation issues despite high-level reforms.
🌟Early investors (venture capital, private equity) now exiting, reducing fresh inflows. This shows India has entered a mature investment phase, where past profits are being booked.
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✅Gs-1- Society- Urbanization
🅾️Watch this video : https://youtu.be/ZcirvjHozg8?feature=shared
⚜️Smart City Reference Framework should ideally address the following components- Click here
🔰Brazil – Urban Flood Management: Brazil, with over 80% of its population living in urban areas, has shifted its approach to flood management.The country has moved beyond only canalisation and structural flood control, adopting a more integrated urban flood management approach that includes nature-based solutions and city-wide flood warning systems.
🔰Chennai – Flood Early Warning System: Chennai has adopted a city-level flood forecasting and warning system. Chennai is working on improving stormwater management and building preparedness to support vulnerable populations during extreme weather events.
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✅Gs-2 : Judiciary- Judicial appointments- issues
🅾️Almost 6 years ago there was an article- Is Judicary being subverted by the government?- Click here and read this for the context
🅾️Why is NJAC being revisited now?Recent Cash Seizure at HC Judge’s Residence-Triggered debate on accountability of judiciary- Click here.
⚠️Issue- Concealing dissent from the public creates mistrust. Without openness, the judiciary risks being seen as arbitrary, eroding its authority.
🔰Argument: revealing dissent could harm reputations of candidates not selected.
⚜️Counterpoint: democracy requires transparency; Britain’s JAC or South Africa’s JSC disclose criteria and reasoning openly. Secrecy undermines legitimacy rather than protecting it.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Fundamental Rights- Affirmative action- Affirmative action( Reservation)- Indira sawhney case, jarnail singh case and nagaraj case 2006- click here
🅾️Should reservations exceed the 50% cap?- Reservation beyond 50% cap is both a legal and sociological question.
🅾️Maratha quota case- Click here
🅾️EWS SC judgement- Notions of Equality- Click here
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-2 : 2025- My assessment- everyone might feel difficult because of the need to connect static to the contemporary themes ( Themes and events that happened over last 5 years)- Requires high level of conceptual clarity, writing skill under pressure of time and quick recall. Would have been a nightmare for a lot of people- not because of difficult by because of the pressure.
⚠️10 Markers (150 words each)
🅾️1. Discuss the ‘corrupt practices’ for the purpose of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Analyze whether the increase in the assets of the legislators and/or their associates, disproportionate to their known sources of income, would constitute ‘undue influence’ and consequently a corrupt practice-Click here and Click here.
🅾️2. Comment on the need of administrative tribunals as compared to the court system. Assess the impact of the recent tribunal reforms through rationalization of tribunals made in 2021- Click here
🅾️3. Compare and contrast the President’s power to pardon in India and in the USA. Are there any limits to it in both the countries? What are ‘preemptive pardons’?- Click here and here
🅾️4. Discuss the nature of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly after the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019.- Click here and here Briefly describe the powers and functions of the Assembly of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
🅾️5. “The Attorney General of India plays a crucial role in guiding the legal framework of the Union Government and ensuring sound governance through legal counsel.” Discuss his responsibilities, rights and limitations in this regard- Click here and here
🅾️6. Women’s social capital complements in advancing empowerment and gender equality. Explain- Needs lot of clarity on what social capital here means- this is the context- click here
🅾️7. e-governance projects have a built-in bias towards technology and back-end integration than user-centric designs. Examine- Click here and here
🅾️8. Civil Society Organizations are often perceived as being anti-State actors than non-State actors. Do you agree? Justify- Click here.
🅾️9. India-Africa digital partnership is achieving mutual respect, co-development and long-term institutional partnerships. Elaborate- Click here ( posted indirectly as a source of power and leverage when discussing DPI- But there is a direct TH hindu article which i missed- Click here)
🅾️10. “With the waning of globalization, post-Cold War world is becoming a site of sovereign nationalism.” Elucidate.- Click here, Here and here
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✅Gs1- Role of women in Indian society-
✅Gs-2- Judiciary- Proposal: Elevate Justice Vipul Pancholi (Gujarat HC) to SC.
🅾️Objection: Justice Nagarathna dissented, citing concerns
🎖PYQ- Gs-2 paper had a question on Women in Judiciary- Click here- This is one dimension of woman empowerment
🅾️Judicial appointments are at the heart of separation of powers and rule of law. Dissent by a judge within Collegium = institutional safeguard, ensuring debate and preventing rubber-stamping.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Gs-3 : Pollution- Noise pollution
🅾️Sound limits: 50 dB(A) in day, 40 dB(A) at night in silent zones (WHO), but Delhi/Bengaluru often cross 65–7s:0 dB(A).
🔰Ecological and social Costs of Noise pollution :
⚜️Birds & Biodiversity: Disrupted social signalling, reduced mating/feeding efficiency, breakdown of communication systems.
⚜️Vulnerable Groups: Children, elderly, hospital patients disproportionately affected.
⚜️Economic Costs: EU estimated €100 billion annual burden → India hasn’t even measured.
🌟Fundamental Rights: SC has held that unchecked noise disrupts Article 21 – right to life and dignity- In this context, read a technical solution to uphold this as per Church of God (Full Gospel) in India v. K.K.R. Majestic Colony Welfare Association (2000)- Click here
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✅Gs-2 : Health- Issues with health insurance in India
🅾️Universal Health Coverage (UHC) = quality health care for all without financial hardship.
🅾️India’s record: low public spending (~1.3% of GDP vs world avg 6%), reliance on out-of-pocket expenditure.
⚠️Question: Can expanding health insurance bridge this gap?- Insurance focuses on hospitalisation, not primary care-reventive & outpatient care ignored → increased hospital admissions + fiscal burden.
⚜️Surveys: 35% of insured households never used cover. Also ₹28,000 crore is small now, but rising fast. Tertiary care + ageing population could crowd out spending for primary/basic care.
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✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- Theory of comparative advantage in Trade deficits
🅾️Trade deficit = imports > exports. Politicians often see this as “loss” to the importing country. But economics says: trade deficit can also reflect comparative advantage and capital inflows. Example: US runs trade deficits but attracts global capital because of trust in its economy
🅾️Imposing higher import tariffs is bad economics. Imports can be good if they allow focus on sectors where a country has efficiency advantage. Trade based on comparative advantage raises overall welfare. Protectionism hurts long-term growth and consumer welfare.
⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels - Click here
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✅Sunday Advice :
🅾️You all saw the 2025 UPSC mains analysis- Click here
⚠️Use this sunday to give some time and learn how to pick those Current affairs- explained in detail through this video-
https://youtu.be/urLWhpHjco8
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✅Gs-1 : Indian Society-Salient features of Indian society-> patriarchy
✅Gs-2 : Vulnerable sections- Old age- Women
🅾️Concept : Feminisation of ageing in India- India Ageing Report 2023: Elderly population projected to be 20% of India’s population by 2050. Women live longer (avg. life expectancy higher than men) → but more likely to spend extra years in poor health.
⚠️Problem: Gendered Health Disadvantage- Society views elderly women as passive dependents, not individuals with distinct needs- Society views elderly women as passive dependents, not individuals with distinct needs.
🔰Ethical Angle :
⚜️1. Justice: Intergenerational equity, fair distribution of healthcare resources.
⚜️2. Dignity: Elderly women deserve respect, not invisibility.
⚜️3. Compassion: Recognising their lifelong unpaid labour and sacrifices.
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✅Gs-3 : Mobilization of resources- GST rationalization
🅾️Govt proposes reducing slabs from 7 (0.25%, 3%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28% + cess) → to four slabs (5%, 18%, 40%, <1%). Items in 12% slab → 5%, 90% of 28% slab → 18%, only sin goods (tobacco, gambling, etc.) → 40%.
🅾️Revenue worry: Govt may lose ₹1–1.8 lakh crore; RBI dividend transfer will help Centre, but States are more worried.
🅾️Should States be compensated for revenue loss?- Since GST launch (2017), States had 5-yr compensation guarantee (till June 2022). That ended, making States anxious.
⚜️Divergence issue: Larger manufacturing States (e.g. Maharashtra, Karnataka) benefit from wider base, while smaller States (NE, hill States) feel pressure since base is narrower.
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