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Durand Line — The Disputed Frontier What it is: • The Durand Line is the international land border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, extending for about 2,640 km (1,640 miles). • It was established in 1893 under an agreement between Sir Mortimer Durand, the Foreign Secretary of British India, and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan. • The line was meant to delineate the spheres of influence between British India and Afghanistan. • However, Afghanistan has never officially recognized the Durand Line as a legitimate international boundary, considering it a colonial imposition that divided Pashtun ethnic communities. Geographical Extent: • Runs from the Karakoram Range in the northeast (near the China border) to the Registan Desert in the southwest (near Iran). • Traverses key strategic and historical passes such as the Khyber Pass, Tochi Pass, and Spin Ghar (White Mountains). • Cuts across 12 Afghan provinces and 3 Pakistani regions — Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, and Gilgit-Baltistan.

India's Blue Economy - Niti Aayog BOTH IN HINDI AND ENG MEDIUM