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Repost from UPSC Prelims MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
🛡️ *Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26)*
♟️Every religious denomination or its sections has the freedom to manage its own affairs
♟️It can establish and maintain institutions for religions and charitable purposes
♟️It can own and acquire movable and immovable property
♟️It has the right to administer such property in accordance with laws
♟️ *Article 25* individual rights
♟️ *Article 26* Protects collective freedom of religion.
♟️ *Reasonable restrictions* public order, morality and health
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Cultural Significance of Vijayanagara Empire [14th–16th c.]*
*💎Religious Pluralism*
♟️Patronized Shaiva & Vaishnava sects, Dvaita & Advaita schools.
♟️Boosted Bhakti movement, with temples as centres of devotion.
♟️Encouraged coexistence of Muslims & Christians.
*💎Cultural Revival & Architecture*
♟️Preserved indigenous traditions, commentaries on Vedas.
♟️Built magnificent temples & palaces blending Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya & Chola styles.
♟️Examples: Virupaksha, Vittala, Hazara Rama Temples (Hampi).
*💎Sculpture & Painting*
♟️Bronze & stone sculptures with royal, religious & mythological themes.
♟️Murals (e.g., Lepakshi) depicting Hindu mythology.
*💎Literature & Music*
♟️Patronized works in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Sanskrit (e.g., Tenali Raman, Krishnadevaraya).
♟️Haridasa tradition infused Bhakti into Carnatic music.
*💎Dance*
♟️Innovation in Devadasi Nritya (Bharatanatyam) & early Kuchipudi.
♟️Temple sculptures depict dance poses & mudras.
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Universal Declaration of Human Rights [1948]*
♟️It was adopted in UNGA Paris, 10th Dec 1948
♟️It has 30 articles
♟️Article 1 - All human are born free and equal. Hansa mehta had made important contribution in this article, she changed it from “All men” to “All human”
♟️In general it talks about dignity, liberty, and equality, righ to life, abolishing slavery and torture , protection of individual, cultural and social rights.
♟️Articles 1–2 established the basic concepts of dignity, liberty, and equality.
♟️Articles 3–5 established other individual rights, such as the right to life and the
♟️Prohibition of slavery and torture.
♟️Articles 6–11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights.
♟️Articles 12–17 established the rights of the individual towards the community,
♟️Including freedom of movement.
♟️Articles 18–21 sanctioned "constitutional liberties", public, political freedoms,
♟️Such as freedom of thought, opinion, religion and conscience,word, and peaceful association of the individual.
♟️Articles 22–27 sanctioned an individual's economic, social and cultural rights,
♟️Including healthcare.
♟️Articles 28–30 established the general means of exercising these rights, the areas
♟️In which the rights of the individual cannot be applied, the duty of the individual
♟️To society, and the prohibition of the use of rights in contravention of the purposes
♟️Of the United Nations Organization.
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Tropical Rain Destabilises Oceans Only When Light*
*💎Key Findings*
♟️Scientists earlier believed rain makes the ocean’s surface more buoyant (due to freshwater being lighter)
♟️New study (Univ. of Washington, July 2025) finds light rain destabilises the ocean, but heavy rain stabilises it
*💎Mechanism*
♟️Rain in tropics often comes with cold pools (cold, dry air + clouds)
♟️These cool the surface, block sunlight & transfer heat to air
♟️Thus, heavier rain makes surface cooler and more stable
♟️Light rain (0.2–4 mm/hr) increases mixing, while heavy rain = negative buoyancy flux (surface stays more stable)
*💎Additional Observations*
♟️Rainfall at night destabilises oceans more than during the day
♟️Researchers identified:
*⚜️Cold Rain Zone* (W. Pacific & Indian Ocean): High heat loss
*⚜️Hot Rain Zone* (Central Pacific): Less heat loss
*💎Impact on Climate*
♟️Ocean mixing affects carbon, heat, nutrient transport
♟️Rainfall dynamics influence weather and climate models
♟️Study highlights risk of prediction errors due to simplistic assumptions.
❤ 1
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Konark Sun Temple*
♟️It was built middle of 13th century, by King Narasimhadeva I of Ganga dynasty.
♟️Temple is representation of sun god Surya's chariot with 24 wheels.
♟️It is UNESCO world heritage site.
♟️It is also known as 'Black Pagoda' due to its dark color.
♟️Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has taken up the Complete Solarisation of Konark sun temple and Konark town in Odisha to develop it as ‘Surya Nagri’.
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Quotes on Inequalities*
*♟️Pope Francis*
“Human rights are not only violated by terrorism, repression or assassination, but also by unfair economic structures that create huge inequalities.”
*♟️APJ Abdul Kalam*
“Building capacity dissolves differences. It irons out inequalities.”
*♟️Nelson Mandela*
“A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones.”
*♟️Thomas Piketty*
“The problem of inequality is not simply about economic disparities but about the social and political power structures that perpetuate them.”
*♟️Barack Obama*
“We need to make sure that everyone gets a fair shot and that everyone plays by the same rules. Inequality is not just a moral issue; it’s an economic one.”
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Repost from UPSC Prelims MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Lord Curzon*
♟️The Bardhaman municipality, West Bengal has decided to erect a statue of an erstwhile maharaja in front of the landmark Curzon Gate in the city.
*💎About Curzon*
♟️He served as Under-Secretary of State for India (1891-1892), and for Foreign Affairs (1895-1898), before being appointed Viceroy of India in 1899.
♟️Of all the Viceroys of India, Curzon is possibly the most criticised — he is the man who partitioned Bengal in 1905, and triggered a wave of Bengali nationalism that contributed to the wider Indian national movement. He was also one of the more openly imperialist of viceroys, and a man who saw Britain’s rule over India as critical to the survival of the empire.
♟️In 1900, Curzon famously stated, “We could lose all our [white settlement] dominions and still survive, but if we lost India, our sun would sink to its setting.”
*💎Reforms by Lord Curzon*
*♟️Educational* Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904,which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.
*♟️Scientific* The Agriculture Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established.
*♟️Administrative* He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer.
♟️During the Curzon regime, the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) was established which covered roughly the areas of the upper course of the River Indus.
*♟️Military* Imperial cadet corpswas set up which became an instrument for the Indianisation of the army later.
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Books on the 1857 Revolt*
*💎Authors & Their Works:*
♟️Khan Mohammad Sadiq Khan – *Excavation of Truth: Unsung Heroes of 1857 War of Independence*
♟️S.N. Sen – *1857*
♟️R.C. Majumdar & Ashok Mehta – *Sepoy Mutiny & Revolt of 1857, The Great Rebellion*
♟️Vinayak Damodar Savarkar – *The Indian War of Independence*
♟️Karl Marx – *The First Indian War of Independence 1857-59*
♟️Puran Chand Joshi – *Rebellion, 1857: A Symposium*
♟️George Bruce Malleson – *The Indian Mutiny of 1857*
♟️Christopher Hibbert – *Great Mutiny*
♟️Iqbal Hussain – *Religion and Ideology of the Rebels of 1857*
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
🛡️ *Lake Naivasha, Kenya*
♟️A freshwater lake in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya.
♟️A Ramsar Site supporting rich biodiversity, including flamingos, hippos, and over 400 bird species.
♟️Known for its flower farms, supplying flowers worldwide, and supports fishing, tourism, and local agriculture.
💎 *Challenges*
♟️ *Water overuse* Excessive extraction for flower farms and irrigation.
♟️ *Climate change* Unpredictable rainfall and rising temperatures.
♟️ *Pollution* Runoff from farms and untreated sewage.
💎 *Global Relevance*
♟️Highlights the need for sustainable development and balance between economic activities and environmental conservation.
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️Pacific Ocean*
*💎Warm Currents:-*
♟️1. Kuroshio Current (Japan Current)
♟️2. North Equatorial Current
♟️3. South Equatorial Current
♟️4. East Australian Current
♟️5. Equatorial Counter Current
♟️6. Alaskan Current
*💎Cold Currents:-*
♟️1. Oyashio Current
♟️2. California Current
♟️3. Peru Current (Humboldt Current)
♟️4. West Wind Drift (part of Antarctic Circumpolar Current).
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919*
• The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.
Main Features
• Provincial Government
• Introduction of Dyarchy.
• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.
• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.
• Central Government
• No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.
• A bicameral arrangement was introduced.
• The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.
• The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
Repost from UPSC Prelims Mains Notes
*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF THE OPPOSITION*
♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House.
♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977.
♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister.
♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.
