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پستهای کانال
Follow the Doctor usmle channel on WhatsApp: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va5uYgUKGGGNpDS2LJ2X
54700
| 2 | Correct Answer - D
Ans: D. Endothelial injury
The three primary abnormalities that lead to thrombus formation
(called Virchow's triad) are
(1) endothelial injury,
(2) stasis or turbulent blood flow, and
(3) hypercoagulability of the blood. | 2 248 |
| 3 | Voting Which of the following factors play a
major role in the initiation of thrombus
formation? | 8 537 |
| 4 | Correct Answer - C
Ans: C. 30% of people have HbsAg positive
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a necrotizing vasculitis involving small
and medium-sized muscular arteries of multiple organs and tissues.
The disease occurs more commonly in adult males than females.
Most commonly affected organs, in descending order of frequency of
involvement, are the kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys,
and muscle.
The condition results from immunologic response to an identifiable
antigen that may be bacteria (e.g. streptococci, staphylococci,
mycobacteria), viruses (e.g. hepatitis B virus, influenza virus, CMV),
malarial parasite, certain drugs, and chemicals.
There is no association with ANCA,
[7] but about 30% of people with
PAN have chronic hepatitis B and deposits containing HBsAg-
HBsAb complexes in affected blood vessels, indicating an immune
complex-mediated cause in that subset. Infection with the Hepatitis
C virus and HIV are occasionally discovered in people affected by
PAN.
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, characterized by fibrinoid necrosis with
neutrophilic infiltrate in the vessel wall. Many of the neutrophils are
fragmented. This form is found in vasculitis caused by deposits of
immune complexes. | 4 976 |
| 5 | Follow the Doctor usmle channel on WhatsApp: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va5uYgUKGGGNpDS2LJ2X | 4 310 |
| 6 | Voting Which of the following is true about
PAN? | 11 556 |
| 7 | Correct Answer - A
Ans: A. Lead poisoning
Findings
Microcytic Anemia - Iron Deficiency
Hypersegmented Neutrophils - B12 and Folic Acid Deficiency
Young & No H/o Of Alcohol Consumption [Patient came with a
history of Fatigue and Tiredness] - Chronic Alcoholism can be ruled
out
Hemolytic Anemia - may demonstrate red blood cell fragments
called schistocytes, red blood cells that look like spheres
(spherocytes), and/or red blood cells missing small pieces (bite
cells). An increased number of newly made red blood cells
(reticulocytes) may also be a sign of bone marrow compensation for
anemia. | 6 412 |
| 8 | Voting A 23-year-old male presented with
history f fatigue& tiredness On
investigation, he found t hv Hb values of 9gm%, MCV of 101 FL. peripheral smear examination showed microcytic RBC and hypersegmented neutrophils. Which is most probable etiology | 13 158 |
| 9 | Correct Answer - D
Ans: D. Unidirectional locomotion of neutrophils
Chemotaxis is defined as a unidirectional movement of leukocytes
up to a concentration gradient of chemotactic molecules. All
granulocytes, monocytes and to a lesser extent lymphocytes
respond to chemotactic stimuli with varying rates of speed.
Chemoattractants are exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous
agents are bacterial products. Endogenous mediators are:
Components of complement pathway C5a
Products of lipoxygenase pathway LTB4
Cytokines particularly those of chemokine families. | 7 843 |
| 10 | Voting What is the main feature of chemotaxis
as observed in white blood cells? | 14 859 |
| 11 | Correct Answer - A
Answer- A- Immunochromatography assays
HBV chronic carriers are those in whom HBsAg persists for more
than 6 months in the presence of HBeAg or anti-HBe. HBsAg may
persist for years after the loss of HBeAg. The most useful detection
methods are enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay for HBV
antigens and antibodies and PCR for viral DNA -Jawetz 27/e pg-
504
Serological assays detect the host immune response (antibodies to
HCV) or a viral antigen (HBsAg, HCVcAg). They are based on the
immunoassay principle and are available in the form of rapid
diagnostic tests (RDTs) or laboratory-based enzyme immunoassays
(EIAs), chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs) and
electrochemiluminescence immunoassays (ECLs). | 9 389 |
| 12 | Voting HbsAg is based on which principle | 17 752 |
