UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ SUBSIDENCE EPEIROGENIC MOVEMENTS #Geomorphology #Earthmovements ◇ Submerged forests and valleys, as well as buildings, are evidence of subsidence. ◇ In 1819, a part of the Rann of Kachchh was submerged as a result of an earthquake. ◇ Presence of peat and lignite beds below the sea level in Tirunelveli and the Sundarbans is an example of subsidence. ◇ The Andamans and Nicobars have been isolated from the Arakan coast by submergence of the intervening land. ◇ On the east side of Bombay island, trees have been found embedded in the mud about 4 m below low water mark. A similar submerged forest has also been noticed on the Tirunelveli coast in Tamil Nadu. ◇ A large part of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Strait is very shallow and has been submerged in geologically recent times. A part of the former town of Mahabalipuram near Chennai is submerged in the sea. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ EPEIROGENIC UPLIFT MOVEMENTS #Geomorphology #Earthmovements ◇ Raised beaches, elevated wave-cut terraces, sea caves and fossiliferous beds above sea level are evidence of upliftment. ◇ In India, raised beaches occur at several places along the Kathiawar, Nellore, and Tirunelveli coasts. ◇ Several places which were on the sea some centuries ago are now a few miles inland due to upliftment. ◇ For example, Coringa near the mouth of the Godavari, Kaveripattinam in the Kaveri delta and Korkai on the coast of Tirunelveli, were all flourishing seaports about 1,000 to 2,000 years ago. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ EPEIROGENIC OR CONTINENT FORMING MOVEMENTS #Geomorphology #Earthmovements ◇ Epeirogenic or continent forming movements are radial movements (act along the radius of the earth). ◇ Their direction may be towards (subsidence) or away (uplift) from the centre. ◇ They cause upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting undulations (wavy surface) of long wavelengths and little folding. ◇ The broad central parts of continents are called cratons and are subject to epeirogeny, hence the name continent forming movements. ▪︎JOIN -@upsc_geography_notes

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■ DIASTROPHISM #Geomorphology #Earthmovements ◇ Diastrophism refers to deformation of the Earth's crust due to diastrophic movements (deforming movements) such as folding, faulting, warping (bending or twisting of a large area) And fracturing. ◇ All processes that move, elevate or build up portions of the earth’s crust come under diastrophism. □ They include :- • orogenic processes - involving mountain building through severe folding (crust is severely deformed into folds) and affecting long and narrow belts of the earth’s crust. • epeirogenic processes - involving uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust (simple deformation); • earthquakes and volcanism involving local relatively minor movements; • plate tectonics involving horizontal movements of crustal plates. ◇ The most obvious evidence of diastrophic movement can be seen where sedimentary rocks have been bent, broken or tilted. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ FORCES BEHIND ENDOGENIC MOVEMENTS #Geomorphology #Earthmovements ◇ The ultimate source of energy behind forces that drive endogenic movements is earth’s internal heat. ◇ Earth’s internal heat is a result of mainly radioactive decay (50% of the earth’s internal heat) and gravitation (causes pressure gradients). ◇ Differences in temperature and pressure (temperature gradients or geothermal gradients and pressure gradients) among various layers of the earth give rise to density differences and these density differences give rise to conventional currents. ◇ Convectional currents in the mantle drive the lithospheric plates (crust and upper mantle) and the movement of the lithospheric plates (tectonics) is the cause behind endogenic movements. ◇ The Earth’s rotation (Coriolis effect) can influence where convection currents travel. ◇ The destination of convection currents determines the nature and location of the endogenic movements. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes