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At the end of 2025, rare earth elements occupy a complex position at the crossroads of climate objectives, industrial strategy and global geopolitics. Although they do not dominate the clean energy economy in terms of volume, a select group of these minerals has become indispensable for critical technologies such as electric vehicles and wind turbines. The key concern today is no longer about their necessity but about whether nations can establish resilient and affordable supply chains without replicating environmental damage and weak governance practices elsewhere. The most significant bottleneck in this supply chain lies in high-performance permanent magnets, particularly neodymium-iron-boron magnets. These magnets are essential for EV motors and wind turbines, and disruptions in their supply transmit economic shocks far beyond the mineral sector itself. Moreover, countries may discover new mineral deposits yet remain dependent on external players for chemical refining, a stage as vital to rare earths as refining is to crude oil. This structural reality ensures China’s continued dominance in the rare earth supply chain, even when mining occurs outside its borders. India’s policy shift in late 2025 reflects an understanding of this vulnerability. Instead of focusing solely on mining, India has prioritised magnet manufacturing. A ₹7,280-crore initiative aimed at producing 6,000 tonnes of sintered rare earth permanent magnets annually seeks to reduce import dependence while enabling growth in EVs, wind energy and advanced electronics. If executed effectively, this strategy could position India as a significant downstream manufacturing hub. However, challenges remain substantial. India’s primary rare earth reserves are found in monazite-rich beach sands, often co-located with thorium, a material linked to the country’s nuclear programme. This overlap necessitates strict governance, coordination among regulators, and responsible waste management practices. Additionally, while exploration projects under the National Critical Mineral Mission extend through 2031, converting geological knowledge into viable industrial capacity requires regulatory clarity, public funding and credible enforcement mechanisms. Further, India must strengthen midstream capabilities by ensuring long-term demand commitments from EV and electronics manufacturers and investing in innovations that reduce reliance on the most constrained elements. Ultimately, the next phase of the green transition will favour nations that can scale supply chains responsibly, balance environmental compliance with industrial growth, and diversify risk rather than concentrate it. For India, success will depend on transforming policy ambition into sustainable industrial execution.

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