Pathology videos & books

Correct Answer - C Ans. is 'c" i.e., Dystrophic calcification

Correct Answer - B Ans.is 'b'i.e., Atheromatous plaque Dystrophic calcification * When pathological calcification takes place in dead, dying or degenerated tissue, it is called dystrophic calcification. o Calcium metabolism is not altered and serum calcium level is normal. Dystrophic calcification in Dystrophic calcification in dead tissues degenerated tissues 1.In caseous necrosis of 1. Atheromatous plague tuberculosis 2. Monkeberg's sclerosis (most common which may b& Psommama bodies in lymph nodes) 4. Dens old scars 2.Chronic abscess in 5. Senile degenrated changes such liquifactive necrosis as in costal cartilage, tracheal, 3.Fungal granuloma bronchial rings, Pineal gland in 4.Infarct brain. 5.Thrombi 6. Heart valves damaged by 6.Haematomas rheumatic fever. 7.Dead parasites- Cystecercosis/Toxoplasma Hydatid/Schistosoma 8.In fat necrosis of breast & other tissues

Correct Answer - A Ans. is 'a' i.e., Apaf 1 One of these proteins is cytochrome c, well known for its role in mitochondrial respiration. In the cytosol, cytochrome C binds to a protein called Apaf-1 (apoptosis activating factor-1), and the complex activates caspase-9. (Bc1-2 and Bcl-x may also directly inhibit Apaf-1 activation, and their loss from cells may permit activation of Apaf-1

Correct Answer -B Ans. is 'b'i.e., Cell membrane • yeline figures are cytoplasmic bodies composed of concentric whorls of membranes, derived from damage cell membrane. Myelin figures appear during reversible injury but they are more pronounced in irreversible injury.

Correct Answer - A Ans. is 'a' i.e., Coagulative necrosis Coagulative necrosis * This is most common type of necrosis. * This type of necrosis is most frequently caused by sudden cessation of blood flow (ischemia) in organs such as heart (MI), Kidney (ATN), adrenal gland, and spleen. Note: Brain is the only exception, i.e.,. It is the only solid organ in which ischemia leads to liquifactive necrosis not coagulative necrosis. * It is also seen with other types of injury e.g.,liver necrosis in viral hepatitis, Coagulative necrosis of skin after burns (Thermal injury). Why there is predominant protein denaturation and no enzymatic digestion ? Hypoxia causes intracellular acidosis (has been explained earlier) > .t pH results in denaturation ofproteins which includes not only structural proteins hut also enzymes So, there is no enzymatic digestion. o The necrotic cells retain their cellular outline for several days. Liquefactive necrosis * It is the necrotic degradation of tissue that rapidly undergo softening and liquefaction

Correct Answer -D Ans. is d i.e., Polymorphonuclear cells Aschoff bodies * Aschoff bodies are focal inflammatory lesions seen during acute rheumatic fever They consist of foci of swollen eosinophillic collagen surrounded by Lymphocytes (primarily T cells) Occasional plasma cells Aschoff giant cells (macrophages of rheumatic fever) Antitschkow cells (Antischkow cells are modified macrophages with abundant cytoplasm and central round to ovoid nuclei in which the chromatin is disposed in the central, slender wavy ribbon like pattern-caterpillar cells) Histiocytes Fibrobla

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Correct Answer - B Ans.is `b'i.e., Nicotine and carbon monoxide and tar Mechanisms for smoking-induced Coronary heart disease Carbon monoxide induces atherogenesis. Nicotine stimulation of adrenergic drive raising both BP and myocardial oxygen demand. Lipid metabolism with fall in protective high-density lipoproteins. Note .. Tar is associated with carcinogenesis (not atherosclerosis). But amongst the given options option b is the best answer as it consists of both nicotine and CO