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🔰 Attendance of Retired Judges 🔰 https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 🌐 Constitutional Provision Article 128, Indian Constitution https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 1️⃣ Power of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) The CJI may, with the prior consent of the President, Request a retired Judge of the Supreme Court or a retired Judge of a High Court (qualified for appointment as SC judge) To sit and act as a Judge of the Supreme Court. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 2️⃣ Conditions The retired Judge must give consent to such a request. They act as temporary judges to help manage workload. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 3️⃣ Powers and Jurisdiction While attending the sittings of the Supreme Court, they exercise all the jurisdiction, powers, privileges and immunities of a Supreme Court Judge. However, they are not deemed to be a permanent Judge of the Supreme Court. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 4️⃣ Purpose To ensure smooth disposal of cases when additional judicial strength is required. Helps in reducing pendency. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ✅ Exam Tip: Art. 127 → Ad hoc Judges (HC Judges temporarily appointed) Art. 128 → Retired Judges can be requested to sit in SC

🔰 Appointment of Ad hoc Judges 🔰 https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 🪔 Constitutional Provision Article 127, Indian Constitution. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 1️⃣ Circumstances of Appointment If at any time the quorum of Judges of the Supreme Court is not available to hold or continue its sittings, The Chief Justice of India (CJI) may, with the previous consent of the President and after consultation with the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court, request a High Court judge (duly qualified for appointment as a SC judge) to sit and act as an ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 2️⃣ Tenure The judge so appointed serves for such period as requested by the CJI. He performs the duties of a Supreme Court judge during that period. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 3️⃣ Powers and Privileges An ad hoc judge has all the jurisdiction, powers, privileges and immunities of a Supreme Court judge. They are considered at par with permanent judges of the Supreme Court during their term. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 4️⃣ Significance Helps in reducing the burden of pendency of cases. Ensures smooth functioning of the Supreme Court when the number of permanent judges is insufficient. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ✅ Exam Tip: Always write – Art. 127 → Ad hoc judges, appointed by CJI (with President’s consent & consultation with HC Chief Justice).

🔰 Appointment of Acting Chief Justice 🔰 https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 🕯 Constitutional Provision Article 126, Indian Constitution. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 1️⃣ Circumstances of Appointment When the office of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) is: Vacant, or The CJI is temporarily absent, or The CJI is unable to perform duties. In such situations, the President of India can appoint one of the judges of the Supreme Court to act as the Chief Justice. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 2️⃣ Tenure The judge so appointed acts as Chief Justice until a permanent CJI resumes office or is appointed. It is a temporary arrangement. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 3️⃣ Significance Ensures continuity of judicial functioning of the Supreme Court. Prevents any disruption in the discharge of constitutional duties of the Chief Justice. 🕯 Example When CJI Ranjan Gogoi retired in Nov 2019, Justice Sharad Arvind Bobde was appointed as the next CJI. In the interim period before new CJI assumes office, an Acting CJI may be appointed if required. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ✅ Exam Tip: Just remember – Art. 126 → President appoints an Acting CJI in case of vacancy, absence or inability of the CJI.

🔰 Establishment and Constitution of the Supreme Court 🔰 https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 1️⃣ Constitutional Basis Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution (Articles 124–147). The Supreme Court of India is the apex court of the country. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 2️⃣ Establishment Came into existence on 26th January 1950 (the day the Constitution commenced). Replaced the Federal Court of India (1937–1950) and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (highest court during British rule). Located at New Delhi. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 3️⃣ Composition (Art. 124) Consists of: Chief Justice of India (CJI), and Other judges (the number fixed by Parliament). At present (2025), the sanctioned strength is 34 judges (including the CJI). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 4️⃣ Appointment of Judges Appointed by the President of India. On recommendation of the Collegium (CJI + 4 senior-most judges). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 5️⃣ Qualifications of Judges (Art. 124(3)) A person is qualified if he/she: 🔹 Is a citizen of India, and 🔹 Has been a judge of a High Court for at least 5 years, or 🔹 Has been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years, or 🔹 Is a distinguished jurist (in the opinion of the President). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 6️⃣ Tenure of Judges Till the age of 65 years. Can resign by writing to the President. Can be removed by the President on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity through impeachment (Art. 124(4)). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 7️⃣ Seat of the Supreme Court (Art. 130) Permanent seat: Delhi. The Chief Justice of India, with President’s approval, can hold sittings at other places. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 🟣 Conclusion The Supreme Court, established under Art. 124 in 1950, is the guardian of the Constitution and the final court of appeal, ensuring the unity, integrity and supremacy of the Constitution and law in India. 📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Art. 124 → Establishment & composition 26th Jan 1950 → Established Strength = 34 judges (incl. CJI) Seat = Delhi (Art. 130)

🔰 The Union Judiciary 🔰 https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 💡 Constitutional Basis Part V, Chapter IV (Articles 124–147) of the Indian Constitution. Deals with the Supreme Court of India – the highest judicial authority. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 1️⃣ Composition of the Supreme Court (Art. 124) Comprises the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and other judges. Number of judges determined by Parliament (currently 34 including CJI). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 2️⃣ Appointment of Judges Appointed by the President. Consultation process (Collegium system): CJI + 4 senior-most judges recommend appointments/transfers. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 💡 Qualifications: 🔹 Citizen of India, and 🔹 Judge of a High Court for at least 5 years, or 🔹 Advocate in a High Court for at least 10 years, or 🔹 Distinguished jurist (in President’s opinion). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 3️⃣ Tenure & Removal Hold office till 65 years of age. Can resign by writing to the President. Can be removed by the President on grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity through impeachment process (Art. 124(4)) – requires special majority in both Houses of Parliament. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 4️⃣ Jurisdiction and Powers Original Jurisdiction (Art. 131) – Disputes between: Centre and States, or States inter se. ⚫️ Writ Jurisdiction (Art. 32) – For enforcement of Fundamental Rights. ⚫️ Appellate Jurisdiction (Arts. 132–134) – Appeals in constitutional, civil and criminal cases. ⚫️ Advisory Jurisdiction (Art. 143) – President may seek opinion of the Supreme Court. ⚫️ Judicial Review – Can declare laws unconstitutional if violative of Constitution. ⚫️ Court of Record (Art. 129) – Judgments act as precedents; has power to punish for contempt. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 5️⃣ Independence of Judiciary Security of tenure. Salaries and allowances charged on Consolidated Fund of India. Removal only by special procedure. Freedom to decide cases without executive interference. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 6️⃣ Important Case Laws 🔸 Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973): Established Basic Structure Doctrine. 🔸 S.P. Gupta v. Union of India (1981): First Judges case. 🔸 Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (1993): Second Judges case – Collegium system established. 🔸 NJAC Judgment (2015): Struck down NJAC Act, upheld Collegium. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 💡 Conclusion The Union Judiciary, through the Supreme Court, acts as the guardian of the Constitution, protector of Fundamental Rights, and the final interpreter of law, ensuring the rule of law and judicial independence in India. 📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Articles 124–147, jurisdiction types, writ power under Art. 32, and Kesavananda Bharati (1973).

🔰 Legislative Powers of the President 🔰 https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 🔋 Constitutional Basis Articles 85, 111, 123, 352 etc. The President, though part of the Executive, is also an integral part of Parliament (Art. 79). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 1️⃣ Power to Summon, Prorogue and Dissolve Parliament Summons each session of Parliament (Art. 85). Can prorogue (end) a session. Can dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 2️⃣ Addressing Parliament Addresses both Houses at the beginning of the first session after every general election and at the first session of each year (Art. 87). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 3️⃣ Nomination of Members Can nominate 12 members to Rajya Sabha (eminent persons in art, literature, science, social service). Can nominate 2 members of Anglo-Indian community to Lok Sabha (Art. 331) – provision abolished by 104th Constitutional Amendment, 2019. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 4️⃣ Assent to Bills A bill becomes law only after the President’s assent (Art. 111). 🔦 Options: 🔅 Give assent. 🔅 Withhold assent. 🔅 Return the bill (if not a Money Bill) for reconsideration. If repassed, he must give assent. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 5️⃣ Money Bills Can be introduced in Lok Sabha only with President’s recommendation (Art. 110, 117). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 6️⃣ Ordinance-Making Power (Art. 123) Can promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session. Ordinances have the same force as laws of Parliament, but must be approved within 6 weeks of reassembly. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 7️⃣ Other Powers Lays reports like CAG, Finance Commission, UPSC before Parliament. Prior sanction required before introducing certain bills (e.g., bills involving expenditure from Consolidated Fund). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 🔋 Conclusion The President’s legislative powers ensure that he functions as an integral link between the Executive and Legislature, with significant influence through summoning, assent, ordinance-making and recommendation powers. 📌 Exam Tip: Always remember – Art. 85 (sessions), Art. 87 (address), Art. 111 (assent), Art. 123 (ordinances).

🔰 Annual Financial Statement 🔰 https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ⏰ Constitutional Provision Article 112, Indian Constitution. Known as the Union Budget. It is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for a financial year (1st April – 31st March). ⏰ Contents of the Annual Financial Statement https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ⏰ The statement shows expenditure and receipts under three heads: 1️⃣ Consolidated Fund of India All revenues received, loans raised and all money received in repayment of loans. All expenditures are made from this fund, subject to parliamentary approval. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 2️⃣ Contingency Fund of India Placed at the disposal of the President. To meet unforeseen or urgent expenditure. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 3️⃣ Public Account of India Transactions relating to provident funds, small savings, deposits, etc. The government acts as a banker/trustee and no parliamentary approval is needed to withdraw. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ⏰ Procedure ➡️ Presentation – By the Finance Minister in Lok Sabha. ➡️ General Discussion – Both Houses discuss principles, not details. ➡️ Voting on Demands for Grants – Lok Sabha votes (only on Consolidated Fund expenditures). ➡️ Appropriation Bill – To authorize withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund. ➡️ Finance Bill – To give effect to taxation proposals. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ⏰ Significance The Annual Financial Statement ensures financial accountability of the executive to the legislature. Serves as the primary tool of parliamentary control over the nation’s finances. 📌 Exam Tip: Always write – Art. 112, Union Budget, three parts: Consolidated Fund, Contingency Fund, Public Account.