PDFology

Aminoglycosides 💊 #غزة 🇵🇸

إيه المقصود بـ Barrett’s Esophagus? 🩺 Definition Barrett’s esophagus is a condition where the normal squamous cells in the esophagus are replaced by columnar cells. This change occurs due to chronic acid reflux (GERD). It is considered a precancerous condition for esophageal adenocarcinoma. 🔥 Causes Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the primary cause. Frequent acid exposure damages the esophageal lining over time. Risk factors include obesity, smoking, and prolonged GERD symptoms. 📉 Symptoms Barrett’s esophagus itself may not cause noticeable symptoms. Symptoms are often related to GERD, like heartburn and acid regurgitation. In some cases, difficulty swallowing or chest pain may occur. 🧬 Diagnosis Endoscopy is the main diagnostic tool, allowing direct visualization of the esophagus. A biopsy confirms the presence of columnar cells and assesses dysplasia levels. Periodic surveillance endoscopy is recommended for at-risk patients. 💊 Treatment Options Lifestyle modifications like weight loss and dietary changes help manage GERD. Medications like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce acid production. Advanced cases may require ablation therapy or surgical interventions. ⚠️ Complications Untreated Barrett’s esophagus increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Dysplasia levels indicate cancer risk, with high-grade dysplasia being most concerning. Early detection and treatment are critical to prevent progression. #PDFology #غزة 🇵🇸

#quiz #غزة 🇵🇸

Acid-base imbalance mnemonic "ROME" #غزة 🇵🇸

إيه المقصود بـ Pseudo Parkinsonism 💊 Definition: Pseudo Parkinsonism is a drug-induced condition mimicking the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It is often reversible when the causative drug is discontinued or adjusted. ❗ Common Causes: Frequently caused by antipsychotic medications, especially first-generation types like haloperidol. Other medications, such as antiemetics (e.g., metoclopramide) and some antidepressants, can also contribute. 🧠 Symptoms: Symptoms resemble Parkinson's disease, including tremors, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and rigidity. Postural instability or a shuffling gait may also be observed. 🔍 Diagnosis: Based on clinical observation and a detailed medication history. Symptoms typically resolve upon stopping the offending drug, distinguishing it from true Parkinson’s disease. 💡 Management: Reduce the dose or discontinue the causative drug if possible. Switch to a lower-risk alternative, such as a second-generation antipsychotic like quetiapine or clozapine. Anticholinergic medications (e.g., benztropine) may be used to alleviate symptoms temporarily. 🌟 Prevention Tips: Use the lowest effective dose of high-risk medications. Monitor patients closely, particularly older adults or those with a history of movement disorders. #PDFology #غزة 🇵🇸

Myocardial infarction treatment mnemonic "Mona had hep b" #غزة 🇵🇸

كل ما تريد معرفته عن Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency 🩺 Definition and Cause Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder. It results from mutations in the SERPINA1 gene. This gene affects the production of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), a protein that protects the lungs. 🌬️ Effect on the Lungs Low levels of AAT lead to lung damage over time. It increases the risk of emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, and chronic cough. 🛡️ Effect on the Liver AAT can accumulate in the liver, causing damage. This may lead to liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis. Some individuals may develop liver failure. 🧬 Inheritance Pattern AATD follows an autosomal codominant inheritance. Both parents must pass the mutated gene for severe deficiency. Carriers may have milder or no symptoms. 💉 Diagnosis Blood tests measure AAT levels. Genetic testing identifies SERPINA1 gene mutations. Imaging studies assess lung and liver damage. 💊 Treatment Smoking cessation is crucial to protect the lungs. Augmentation therapy provides AAT protein intravenously. Other treatments include bronchodilators and oxygen therapy. 🏨 Prevention and Monitoring Avoiding lung irritants like smoke and dust is essential. Regular check-ups help monitor lung and liver function. Early diagnosis improves management and quality of life. #PDFology #غزة 🇵🇸

قال أبي سعيد الخدري رضي الله عنه: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: من قرأ سورة الكهف في يوم الجمعة، أضاء له من النور ما بين الجمعتين. رواه الحاكم والبيهقي وصححه الألباني. قال الرسول ﷺ: "إنَّ في الجُمُعَةِ لَساعَةً، لا يُوافِقُها مُسْلِمٌ، يَسْأَلُ اللَّهَ فيها خَيْرًا، إلَّا أعْطاهُ إيَّاهُ" ﴿ إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ۚ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيمًا﴾ [ الأحزاب: 56] اللهم إنا نستودعك غزة وأهلها، اللَّهُم كُن لهم عونًا ومعينا، اللهم إنا لا نملك إلا اليسير، فيارب لا ترد لنا دعاء، ولا تخيب لنا رجاء وأنت أرحم الراحمين. اللهم احفظ فلسطين وأهلها والسودان وأهلها، اللهم كن لأهلنا هناك عونا ومعينا، وللمسجد الاقصي حافظا وأمينا، اللهم إنا نستودعك غزة فأحفظها بحفظك يا خير الحافظين. 🚨 إعلانات التلجرام تظهر بشكل إجباري ولا يمكن إلغائها فضلاً عمل ريبورت لأي إعلان قد يظهر به شبهة حرمانية 🚨

إيه المقصود بـ Fetal Warfarin Syndrome? 🎭 Definition Fetal Warfarin Syndrome is a rare disorder caused by maternal use of warfarin during pregnancy. It typically occurs due to the teratogenic effects of warfarin, especially during the first trimester. 🔬 Pathophysiology Warfarin crosses the placenta and interferes with fetal vitamin K metabolism. This disrupts the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and affects cartilage and bone development. 🩺 Clinical Features Facial abnormalities: broad nasal bridge, flat midface, and micrognathia. Skeletal malformations: short limbs and digits, stippled epiphyses. Neurological deficits: mental retardation, seizures, and developmental delays. 📅 Timing of Risk The critical period of risk is between 6 and 12 weeks of gestation. Use of warfarin beyond this period may result in central nervous system abnormalities. 🔗 Prevention Switch to low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) before conception or as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. Monitor anticoagulation therapy closely in women of childbearing age taking warfarin. 📋 Management Multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, neonatologists, and pediatric specialists. Early diagnosis and management can help mitigate long-term complications. #PDFology #غزة 🇵🇸

Antihypertensive Medications During Pregnancy Dr. Khawla Alsukkar #pharmacy #غزة 🇵🇸

#quiz #غزة 🇵🇸

Nervous system ⚡ #غزة 🇵🇸

قال أبي سعيد الخدري رضي الله عنه: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: من قرأ سورة الكهف في يوم الجمعة، أضاء له من النور ما بين الجمعتين. رواه الحاكم والبيهقي وصححه الألباني. قال الرسول ﷺ: "إنَّ في الجُمُعَةِ لَساعَةً، لا يُوافِقُها مُسْلِمٌ، يَسْأَلُ اللَّهَ فيها خَيْرًا، إلَّا أعْطاهُ إيَّاهُ" ﴿ إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ۚ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيمًا﴾ [ الأحزاب: 56] اللهم إنا نستودعك غزة وأهلها، اللَّهُم كُن لهم عونًا ومعينا، اللهم إنا لا نملك إلا اليسير، فيارب لا ترد لنا دعاء، ولا تخيب لنا رجاء وأنت أرحم الراحمين. اللهم احفظ فلسطين وأهلها والسودان وأهلها، اللهم كن لأهلنا هناك عونا ومعينا، وللمسجد الاقصي حافظا وأمينا، اللهم إنا نستودعك غزة فأحفظها بحفظك يا خير الحافظين. 🚨 إعلانات التلجرام تظهر بشكل إجباري ولا يمكن إلغائها فضلاً عمل ريبورت لأي إعلان قد يظهر به شبهة حرمانية 🚨

Antidotes 💊 #غزة 🇵🇸