UPSC current magazine

🔆 Satellite Internet: Bridging the Digital Divide 📍 What is Satellite Internet? ✅ A wireless broadband service that provides internet via satellites orbiting Earth, bypassing cables/fiber. ✅ Uses LEO constellations (e.g., Starlink, OneWeb) to deliver connectivity in remote & rural areas. ✅ Indian players like Jio & Airtel are also entering the sector. 📍 How It Works? 1️⃣ Terminal Alignment → User antenna points to satellite. 2️⃣ Data Uplink → Request sent to satellite. 3️⃣ Signal Relay → Satellite forwards data to another satellite/gateway. 4️⃣ Gateway Link → Connects satellite network to land internet cables. 5️⃣ Server Request → Request reaches destination server. 6️⃣ Return Path → Response travels back via cables → gateway. 7️⃣ Space Uplink → Gateway beams response to satellite. 8️⃣ User Delivery → Satellite sends data to ground terminal. 📍 Key Advantages ✅ Remote Coverage → Polar stations, deep sea, expeditions. ✅ Disaster Continuity → Works when ground networks fail. ✅ Security Autonomy → Less reliance on foreign infra. ✅ Rapid Scaling → Quick deployment via satellite launches. ✅ Direct Device Access → Smartphones may connect without terminals. 📍 Barriers ✅ Latency Issues (esp. GEO/MEO). ✅ Limited Capacity → Bandwidth restricts heavy streaming. ✅ Weather Disruption → Rain/snow weakens signals. ✅ High Cost → Expensive equipment & subscriptions. ✅ Signal Blockage → Buildings/terrain obstruct signals. ✅ Debris Risk → Large constellations add space junk. 📍 India’s Policy Landscape ✅ DoT licensing ensures compliance & lawful interception. ✅ WPC spectrum registration with ITU. ✅ NavIC Mandate (2029) → All networks must integrate NavIC. ✅ BharatNet Phase-III → Gateway-linked rural connectivity. ✅ Private Investment via IN-SPACe encouraged in satellite broadband. ✅ Mains Question: “Examine the role of Satellite Internet in bridging India’s digital divide. Discuss its advantages, challenges, and policy framework.” (250 words) #DigitalIndia #SatelliteInternet

🔆 Clean Plant Programme (CPP) 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ Approved by Union Cabinet (Aug 2024) with ₹1,765.67 crore investment, including an ADB loan of $98 million. ✅ Aims to provide virus-free planting material for key fruit crops, boosting productivity and farmer income. ✅ Aligns with Mission LiFE and One Health Mission for sustainable, eco-friendly agriculture. 📍 Key Highlights: ✅ 9 Clean Plant Centres to be set up; 3 in Maharashtra (Pune–grapes, Nagpur–oranges, Solapur–pomegranates). ✅ Modern nurseries to supply 8 crore disease-free seedlings annually; large nurseries supported with ₹3 crore. ✅ National-level lab at Pune for research on original plant species. ✅ International collaborations with Israel and Netherlands for technical expertise. ✅ CPP website launched as central hub; hazard analysis completed for grapevine, ongoing for apple and citrus. 📍 Benefits: ✅ Farmers: higher yields, better incomes. ✅ Consumers: superior, virus-free fruits. ✅ Exports: strengthens India’s horticulture competitiveness. ✅ Equity: inclusive access, women’s participation, region-specific clean varieties.

✅ Mains Question: “Discuss the significance of the Clean Plant Programme (CPP) in transforming India’s horticulture sector. How does it align with Mission LiFE and the One Health Mission in addressing sustainability and climate resilience?” (250 words)

✨ #Agriculture #Horticulture #UPSCMains

🔆 Sapno Ka Ghar: PMAY-Gramin Progress 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), launched in 2016, extended till 2029 with a target of 4.95 crore houses. ✅ As of Aug 2025: 2.82 crore houses completed out of 4.12 crore allocated . 📍 Key Highlights ✅ Employment: 568 crore person-days generated (2016–25). ✅ Landless Support: 2.68 lakh landless beneficiaries sanctioned houses. ✅ Technology Use: Awaas+ 2024 App, AI/ML fraud detection, Aadhaar-based DBT, geo-tagged photos, real-time dashboards. ✅ Design & Quality: Minimum 25 sq. m houses, local materials, disaster-resilient typologies. ✅ Financial Support: ₹1.20 lakh (plains), ₹1.30 lakh (hilly states); cost-sharing 60:40 (plains), 90:10 (NE & Himalayan states). ✅ Convergence: • MGNREGS: wage employment (~201 person-days/house). • SBM-G: toilets with ₹12,000 assistance. • Other schemes: piped water, LPG, electricity, renewable energy. ✅ Training: 2.97 lakh rural masons trained by 2025. 📍 Impact ✅ Raised living standards & reduced rural poverty. ✅ Boosted dignity, sanitation, and social inclusion. ✅ Enabled indirect employment through building materials & logistics. ✅ Mains Question: “Evaluate the role of Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G) in poverty alleviation and rural transformation. How has technology strengthened its implementation?” (250 words) ✨ #PMAYG #goverment_schemes

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🔆 Clean Plant Programme (CPP) 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ Approved by Union Cabinet (Aug 2024) with ₹1,765.67 crore investment, including an ADB loan of $98 million. ✅ Aims to provide virus-free planting material for key fruit crops, boosting productivity and farmer income. ✅ Aligns with Mission LiFE and One Health Mission for sustainable, eco-friendly agriculture. 📍 Key Highlights: ✅ 9 Clean Plant Centres to be set up; 3 in Maharashtra (Pune–grapes, Nagpur–oranges, Solapur–pomegranates). ✅ Modern nurseries to supply 8 crore disease-free seedlings annually; large nurseries supported with ₹3 crore. ✅ National-level lab at Pune for research on original plant species. ✅ International collaborations with Israel and Netherlands for technical expertise. ✅ CPP website launched as central hub; hazard analysis completed for grapevine, ongoing for apple and citrus. 📍 Benefits: ✅ Farmers: higher yields, better incomes. ✅ Consumers: superior, virus-free fruits. ✅ Exports: strengthens India’s horticulture competitiveness. ✅ Equity: inclusive access, women’s participation, region-specific clean varieties.

✅ Mains Question: “Discuss the significance of the Clean Plant Programme (CPP) in transforming India’s horticulture sector. How does it align with Mission LiFE and the One Health Mission in addressing sustainability and climate resilience?” (250 words)

✨ #Agriculture #Horticulture #UPSCMains

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🔆 Tripura Sundari Temple Redevelopment under PRASHAD 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the redeveloped Tripura Sundari Temple in Udaipur, Gomati district, Tripura (Sept 22, 2025). ✅ The site is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, linked to Goddess Sati’s mythology, established in 1501 AD by Maharaja Dhanya Manikya. ✅ Redevelopment sanctioned in 2020–21 at ₹34.43 crore under the PRASHAD Scheme. 📍 Key Highlights ✅ Modern amenities: food court, multipurpose halls, Bhog Ghar, shops, modern toilets, illumination, solar PV system. ✅ Infrastructure upgrades: sewage, stormwater drains, landscaping, signage, external gate, underground tank. ✅ 51 Shakti Peethas Park being built nearby to attract pilgrims and tourists. ✅ Reflects PM’s vision of “Vikas Bhi, Virasat Bhi” — blending heritage preservation with economic growth. 📍 Broader Impact ✅ Boosts spiritual tourism in the North-East, linking faith with livelihoods. ✅ Creates jobs for local guides, artisans, and hospitality sectors. ✅ Strengthens Tripura’s cultural identity and positions it as a world-class pilgrimage hub.

✅ Mains Question: “Heritage-led development is emerging as a key driver of India’s tourism and regional growth. Discuss how schemes like PRASHAD are balancing cultural preservation with modernisation, with examples.”

✨ #PRASHAD #SpiritualTourism #Tripura

🔆 Ayurveda Day 2025 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ Celebrated on September 23, 2025 with the theme “Ayurveda for People & Planet.” ✅ Marks the 10th edition, main event at AIIA, Goa with global outreach in 150+ countries. ✅ Fixed annual date notified in March 2025, earlier observed on Dhanteras. 📍 Key Highlights: ✅ Launch of Desh ka Swasthya Parikshan (nationwide health check-up). ✅ DRAVYA Portal – largest Ayurvedic ingredient & product database. ✅ APTA Portal – documents contributions of Ayurveda luminaries. ✅ New Integrated Oncology Unit at AIIA Goa in collaboration with Tata Memorial. ✅ National Dhanwantari Ayurveda Awards for excellence in Ayurveda. 📍 Global & Institutional Push: ✅ Ayurveda integrated into WHO ICD-11 TM-2 module. ✅ ISO Standards for Ayurveda introduced in 2023. ✅ BIS published 91 AYUSH standards (herbs, Panchakarma equipment). ✅ Ayurveda Chairs in foreign universities & AYUSH info cells in 30+ countries. 📍 India’s Broader Strategy: ✅ Strengthening AYUSH via National AYUSH Mission (2014). ✅ Collaboration with WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine (Gujarat). ✅ Ayurveda’s growing role in global health, climate resilience & lifestyle disorder management.

✅ Mains Question: “Ayurveda is increasingly being positioned as both a health system and a tool of soft power diplomacy. Discuss its role in promoting global health security and India’s cultural diplomacy.”

✨ #AyurvedaDay #AYUSH #SoftPower

🔆 Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2025 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ PM Modi launched the 8th Rashtriya Poshan Maah (Sept 17, 2025) along with Swasth Nari Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan, aligning with the vision of Suposhit Bharat. ✅ Over 14 lakh Anganwadi Centres and 9.14 crore beneficiaries are registered on the Poshan Tracker App. ✅ Backed by ₹1.3 lakh crore outlay (2021–26) under PM POSHAN Scheme. ✅ NFHS-5 shows improvement: Stunting reduced to 35.5%, underweight prevalence to 32.1%. 📍 Key Themes (2025 Edition): ✅ Obesity reduction – campaigns for lower sugar & oil use. ✅ Early Childhood Care & Education (Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi) aligned with NEP 2020. ✅ EK Ped Maa Ke Naam – linking tree plantation with nutrition awareness. ✅ Infant & Young Child Feeding (IYCF) – breastfeeding & complementary feeding. ✅ Men’s involvement in caregiving and nutrition awareness. 📍 Challenges / Implications: ✅ Persistent malnutrition due to poverty, gender discrimination & poor diet diversity. ✅ High anaemia prevalence despite supplementation drives. ✅ Rising obesity adds a dual burden to India’s nutrition challenge.

✅ Prelims Question: Which of the following is true about Poshan Abhiyaan? A. Launched in 2014 under NFSA B. Targets only children under 14 years C. Focuses on malnutrition reduction through convergence and technology D. Limited only to rural areas Ans: C

✅ Mains Question: “Discuss the significance of Rashtriya Poshan Maah in advancing India’s nutrition agenda. How can convergence of health, education, and community initiatives help India meet its SDG target of reducing MMR and child malnutrition?” (250 words)

✨ #Nutrition #PoshanAbhiyaan #HealthPolicy

UPSC Prelims PYQs (1979-2025)

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🔆 India’s Manufacturing Momentum: Path to Global Leadership ✅ Current Performance • IIP growth: 3.5% (July 2025), with manufacturing up 5.4% YoY. • PMI hit 59.3 in Aug 2025 → fastest operating improvement in 17 years. • Merchandise exports (Apr–Aug 2025): US$ 184.13 bn (+2.52% YoY). ✅ Engines of Growth • Electronics: Production ↑ 6x, exports ↑ 8x in a decade; mobile exports up 127x. • Pharma: Supplies 50% of vaccines globally; projected to US$ 130 bn by 2030. • Automobiles: Contributes 7.1% to GDP, 4th largest global producer. • Textiles: Contributes 2.3% to GDP, expected to reach US$ 350 bn by 2030. ✅ Investment & Employment • FDI inflows (2014–25): US$ 748.78 bn (+143%). • Manufacturing FDI (FY25): US$ 19.04 bn (+18%). • Jobs created in last decade: 17 crore, female WPR up to 32%. ✅ Policy Catalysts • PLI Scheme: Boosting exports (smartphones > ₹1 lakh cr in 5 months of FY26). • GST 2.0: Lower slabs → reduced costs, stronger value chains. • National Manufacturing Mission (NMM): Sustainability + green tech focus. • Skill India Revamp: ₹8,800 cr outlay till 2026. • National Logistics Policy & PM GatiShakti: Leaner supply chains. 📍 Road Ahead: With reforms, FDI, and policy push, India targets a US$ 1 trillion manufacturing economy by FY26, positioning itself as the world’s innovation & leadership hub by 2047.

🔑 Mains Q: “India’s manufacturing sector is transitioning from a ‘Make in India’ to a ‘Lead in India’ model. Discuss the role of recent policy initiatives in driving this transformation.”

#Manufacturing #Economy

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🔆 Prof. Mohan Khokar Centenary Celebrations – IGNCA 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) celebrated the centenary of Prof. Mohan Khokar, pioneer of Indian dance history, with eminent dancers, scholars, and cultural leaders. ✅ Event highlighted the Mohan Khokar Dance Collection (MKDC), the world’s largest dance archive, housed at IGNCA. ✅ Dr. Karan Singh, Dr. Sonal Mansingh, and Ashish Khokar emphasised his contribution to preserving India’s dance heritage for future generations  . 📍 Key Highlights: ✅ Dr. Karan Singh: Khokar’s choice to keep his collection in India was a priceless gift to future generations. ✅ Dr. Sonal Mansingh: His vision created a permanent archive connecting younger generations to dance heritage. ✅ Silver jubilee edition of AttenDance journal released; exhibition “A–Z of Indian Dance” inaugurated. ✅ IGNCA proposed MKDC’s inclusion in the UNESCO heritage list  . 📍 Challenges / Implications: ✅ Need to preserve and digitize archives to prevent cultural erosion. ✅ Recognition at UNESCO level would boost global awareness of India’s intangible heritage.

✅ Prelims Question: Q. Prof. Mohan Khokar, recently in news, is associated with which field? A. Indian Classical Music B. Indian Dance Heritage C. Theatre and Playwriting D. Folk Painting Ans: B

✅ Mains Question: Discuss the significance of cultural archives like the Mohan Khokar Dance Collection in preserving India’s intangible heritage. How can such initiatives be leveraged for global cultural diplomacy? (150 words)

✨ #art_and_culture #DanceHeritage #IGNCA

🔆 ELSA-3 Shipwreck: Ecological Impact in Arabian Sea 📍 Why in Focus? The Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology (CMLRE), MoES, released a report on the ecological consequences of the ELSA-3 shipwreck (June 2025) near Kochi–Kanyakumari. 📍 Key Highlights: ✅ Ship carried 367 tonnes furnace oil + 84 tonnes diesel → raised risk of large-scale ecological damage. ✅ Oil slick >2 sq. miles; pollutants concentrated mid-depths despite mixing. ✅ Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) + heavy metals (Ni, Cu, V, Pb) detected → confirmed leakage. ✅ Adverse impact on zooplankton, fish eggs, larvae → mortality during SW monsoon spawning season. ✅ Sensitive benthic organisms died → only pollution-tolerant worms/bivalves survived. ✅ Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (e.g., Neptunomonas, Halomonas) indicated bioremediation potential. ✅ Higher marine fauna hit: Brown Noddy seabird showed oil-related distress. 📍 Challenges/Implications: ✅ Persistent leakage despite turbulence → continued contamination. ✅ Bioaccumulation & food chain transfer of pollutants threaten fishery resources & human health. ✅ Calls for long-term monitoring & sealing of wreck’s fuel compartments.

✅ Prelims Question: Which organisation investigated the ecological impact of the ELSA-3 shipwreck in the Arabian Sea? A. NIOT B. NIO C. CMLRE (MoES) D. INCOIS Ans: C. CMLRE (MoES)

✅ Mains Question: “Oil spills pose multi-level threats to marine ecosystems.” Analyse in the context of the ELSA-3 shipwreck findings in the Arabian Sea. (150 words)

✨ #Environment #MarineEcology #OilSpill #Prelims #Mains Join @PIB_UPSC @upsc_4_environment