UPSC Art and Culture

Golghar

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'Bronze age traders had luxury stops': Harappans built India’s 1st roadside inns in Gujarat 4,000 years ago; Kotada Bhadli site reveals organised trade infra "Bronze Age traders crossing Gujarat stopped at well-organised roadside facilities that offered shelter, food, security, and stables for their pack animals. A new multidisciplinary study has identified a 4,000-year-old Harappan settlement in Kotada Bhadli in Kutch as the earliest known caravanserai:a fortified rural stopover that supported long-distance trade between 2300 and 1900 BCE. The findings now push back the origins of organized trade infrastructure in the subcontinent by over 2,000 years, showing that the Harappans had evolved not only urban planning and maritime trade but also systematic land-based logistics with fortified rest stops, animal shelters and food provisioning points."

The Irumudi Kettu is a sacred two-compartment bundle carried by devotees of Lord Ayyappa during the Sabarimala pilgrimage in Kerala. The term “Irumudi” means “two bundles,” symbolizing the balance between spiritual devotion and worldly life. The front pouch (Munmudi) holds sacred offerings for Lord Ayyappa, including a coconut filled with ghee (representing the devotee’s ego to be surrendered), rice, jaggery, turmeric, and camphor, while the back pouch (Pinmudi) contains personal belongings and food for the journey. The Irumudi is prepared in a ritual guided by a Guru Swami after 41 days of austerity, and only those carrying it are permitted to climb the holy 18 steps at Sabarimala. Carrying the Irumudi Kettu signifies humility, discipline, and devotion, marking the devotee’s spiritual journey toward self-purification and union with the divine.

Temples on same Longitude

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Anatomy of the Atharva Ved

India has added seven properties to its Tentative List for UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These seven are all under the Natural category: 1. Deccan Traps at Panchgani & Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra) 2. Geological Heritage of St Mary’s Island Cluster (Udupi, Karnataka) 3. Meghalayan Age Caves (East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya) 4. Naga Hill Ophiolite (Kiphire, Nagaland) 5. Natural Heritage of Erra Matti Dibbalu (Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh) 6. Natural Heritage of Tirumala Hills (Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh) 7. Natural heritage of Varkala (Kerala) After this addition, India’s Tentative List has 69 properties in total: 49 Cultural, 3 Mixed, and 17 Natural.

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