UPSC POLITY NOTES 2026

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📌A BORROWED CONSTITUTION 🔸 Critics opined that the Constitition contains nothing new and original. 🔸 They described it as :- • Borrowed constitution. • Bag of borrowing. • Hotch - potch constitution. • Patchwork of several documents of the world constitution. 🔸 However this criticism is illogical as Framers of Constitution made necessary modification in the features borrowed from other constitution for suitability to the indian constitutions.

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📌 ELEPHANTINE SIZE 🔸️ Critics stated that the Indian Constitution is too bulky and too detailed and contains some unnecessary elements. 🔸️Ivor Jennings observed that the Provisions borrowed were not always well - selected and that the constitution, generally speaking was too long and complicated.

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📌 INDIAN COUNCIL ACT OF 1861. 🔸️ It made a beginning of Representative institutions by assosiating Indian with law - making Process. 🔸️ Viceroy Canning nominated three Indians to the legislative council - The Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar rao. 🔸️ It initiated the process of Decentralisation by restoring the legislative Powers to the Bombay and Madras presidency. 🔸️ It also provided for the establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, NWFP and Punjab. 🔸️ It also gave a recognition to the Portfolio system, introduced by Canning.

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📌 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1858. 🔸️ India will now be governed by, and in the name of, Her Majesty. 🔸️ Designation of Governor General of India will now be changed to that of Viceroy of India. 🔸️ It ended the system of Double government by abolishing the Board of Control and Court of Directors. 🔸️Created a new office, Sectetary of State for India, vested with complete authority and control over Administration. 🔸️ It established a 15 - member council of india to assist the secretary of state of India. 🔸️ It constituted the secretary of state in council as a body corporate, capable of suing and being sued in India.

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