UPSC GEOGRAPHY

■ CHEMICAL WEATHERING #Geomorphicmovements #Geomorphology ◇ Chemical weathering involves chemical decomposition of rocks and soil. ◇ Chemical weathering processes include dissolution, solution, carbonation, hydration, oxidation and reduction that act on the rocks to decompose, dissolve or reduce them to a fine state. ◇ These weathering processes are interrelated and go hand in hand and hasten the weathering process. ◇ Acids produced by microbial and plant-root metabolism, water and air (oxygen and carbon dioxide) along with heat speed up all chemical reactions. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ SALT WEATHERING #Geomporphology #Earthmovements ◇ Salt weathering occurs when saline solutions seep into cracks and joints in the rocks and evaporate, leaving salt crystals behind. ◇ Salt crystals expand during the crystallization process and also when they are subjected to above normal temperatures. ◇ The expansion in near-surface pores causes splitting of individual grains within rocks, which eventually fall off (granular disintegration or granular foliation). ◇ Salt weathering is normally associated with arid climates where strong heating causes strong evaporation and crystallisation. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ FROST WEATHERING #Geomporphology #Earthmovements ◇ During the warm season, the water penetrates the pore spaces or fractures in rocks. During the cold season, the water freezes into ice, and its volume expands as a result. ◇ This exerts tremendous pressure on rock walls to tear apart even where the rocks are massive. ◇ Frost weathering is the collective name for several processes where ice is present. These processes include frost shattering, frost-wedging and freeze-thaw weathering. Frost weathering Freeze wedging is caused by the repeated freeze-thaw cycle. Cracks filled with water are forced further apart with subsequent freezing and thawing. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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■ GRANULAR DISINTEGRATION #Geomporphology #Earthmovements ◇ Granular disintegration happens in rocks composed of different types of coarse-grained minerals. ◇ Dark-coloured minerals absorb more heat than the light-coloured minerals. ◇ This leads to differential expansion and contraction of mineral grains resulting in grain by grain separation from the rock. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes

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