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(b)(ii) State one characteristic feature of each of the joints named in (i). Answer: - Hinge joint: allows movement in one plane (flexion and extension) like opening and closing. - Condyloid (ellipsoid) joint: allows movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) but no rotation. - Pivot joint (for neck rotation): allows rotational movement around a single axis. (c)(i) What is a magnetic field? Answer: A magnetic field is the region around a magnet or a moving electric charge in which magnetic forces can be detected; it is represented by magnetic field lines that show the direction a north pole would move. (c)(ii) Draw a bar magnet and show the magnetic field around it. Answer: (Description) Draw a rectangle representing a bar magnet with ends labeled North (N) and South (S). Field lines emerge from the north pole, curve through space to enter the south pole, and continue through the magnet from S to N; lines are denser near the poles. (d)(i) Complete the following chemical equations: (α) H2SO4 + NaOH → __ + __; (β) CH3COOH + C2H5OH → __ + __ (with acid catalyst). Answer: (α) H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O. (β) CH3COOH + C2H5OH ⇌ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O (ethanoic acid + ethanol ⇌ ethyl ethanoate (an ester) + water), acid-catalysed esterification. (d)(ii) Name each of the reactions in (α) and (β). Answer: (α) Acid–base neutralization (formation of salt and water). (β) Esterification (condensation reaction / ester formation). End of answers.

V1 = (C2 V2) / C1 = (2.0 × 0.50) / 10.0 = 1.0 / 10.0 = 0.10 dm³ = 100 cm³. Volume of water required = final volume − volume of stock acid = 500 cm³ − 100 cm³ = 400 cm³. 4. (a)(i) State three advantages that parallel electrical wiring has over series electrical wiring in a household. Answer: 1. Each appliance receives full supply voltage independently; one appliance failure does not interrupt others. 2. Appliances can be operated independently (switching one does not affect others). 3. Safer and more convenient for multiple appliances; current distribution is more suitable for household loads. (a)(ii) An immersion heater is rated 220 V, 850 W. Determine the current flowing through the heater. Answer: Power P = V I → I = P / V = 850 W / 220 V = 3.8636 A ≈ 3.86 A. (b)(i) Explain the term soil conservation. Answer: Soil conservation refers to practices and methods used to prevent soil erosion, degradation and nutrient loss, and to maintain or improve soil fertility and productivity for sustainable agriculture. (b)(ii) State two ways by which each of the following activities help in conserving the soil: (α) addition of organic matter; (β) crop rotation. Answer: - Addition of organic matter: (1) increases soil structure and aggregation, reducing erosion; (2) improves water retention and nutrient supply thus maintaining fertility. - Crop rotation: (1) breaks pest and disease cycles reducing need for fallow and soil disturbance; (2) alternating deep- and shallow-rooted crops improves soil structure and nutrient balance (e.g., legumes fix nitrogen). (c)(i) What are petrochemicals? Answer: Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas processing; they are feedstocks for manufacturing plastics, fertilizers, solvents, detergents and other industrial chemicals. (c)(ii) Name two uses of petrochemicals in Agriculture. Answer: 1. Production of fertilizers (e.g., ammonia and downstream nitrogenous fertilizers). 2. Manufacture of pesticides and herbicides (synthetic chemicals) and also agrochemical carriers and plastic films (mulch). (d) With the aid of a genetic diagram, explain briefly how a couple of normal skin colours produces an albino. Answer: Albinism is usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Let A = allele for normal pigment (dominant), a = allele for albinism (recessive). If both parents are carriers (genotype Aa × Aa) but have normal skin, the cross yields genotypes: AA (25%), Aa (50% carriers, phenotypically normal), aa (25% albino). A Punnett square shows one-quarter of offspring will be aa and express albinism. Thus two phenotypically normal parents who are carriers can produce an albino child. 5. (a) Describe briefly each of the following post-harvest practices: (i) Winnowing; (ii) Dehusking; (iii) Shelling. Answer: - Winnowing: Method of separating lighter chaff and impurities from heavier grains by tossing the mixture into the air so wind or a fan blows away the lighter chaff while the heavier grains fall back down. - Dehusking: Removal of the outer husk (protective covering) from cereal grains (e.g., rice, millet) typically by pounding or using mechanical dehuskers to expose the edible kernel. - Shelling: Removal of the outer shell or pod from legumes or maize cobs to free the kernels; can be done by hand, by foot trampling or by mechanical shellers. (b)(i) Name the type of movable joint found at each of the following locations in the human body: (α) fingers; (β) where the neck joins the head. Answer: - Fingers: hinge joints (interphalangeal joints) and also condyloid joints at the metacarpophalangeal joints. - Where the neck joins the head (atlanto-occipital joint): a condyloid (ellipsoid) joint allowing nodding; the atlanto-axial joint (between first and second cervical vertebrae) is a pivot joint allowing rotation.

Answer: Examples of non-climatic abiotic factors: 1. Soil pH. 2. Soil mineral content (texture or type). (Other acceptable answers: rocks, topography, availability of nutrients, salinity). (c)(i) What is an electrical conductor? Answer: An electrical conductor is a material that allows free movement of electrical charges (electrons) through it, thereby permitting the flow of electric current. Examples: metals such as copper and aluminium. (c)(ii) Two lamps of resistances 3 Ω and 5 Ω are connected in parallel to a 6 V source. Calculate the value of the current supplied by the source. Answer: Resistances in parallel: 1/R_eq = 1/3 + 1/5 = (5 + 3) /15 = 8/15 → R_eq = 15/8 = 1.875 Ω. Current supplied: I = V / R_eq = 6 / 1.875 = 3.2 A. (Exact: 6 ÷ 1.875 = 3.2 A) (d)(i) Distinguish between ear-notching and ear-tagging in farm animals. Answer: - Ear-notching: permanent identification method where small notches are cut out from the edge of the ear in a coded pattern. It is permanent and inexpensive. - Ear-tagging: uses a physical tag (plastic or metal) attached through the ear with an applicator; the tag bears an identification number. It is visible and removable/replaceable and can be lost. (d)(ii) List three ecto-parasites that infest goats in West Africa. Answer: 1. Ticks (e.g., Rhipicephalus spp.). 2. Lice. 3. Mites (e.g., Sarcoptes, Psoroptes). (Fleas also possible) 3. (a)(i) State three functions of the respiratory system of humans. Answer: 1. Gas exchange: uptake of oxygen into the blood and removal of carbon dioxide. 2. Regulation of blood pH through control of CO₂ levels. 3. Protection and conditioning of inspired air (warming, humidifying, filtering dust and pathogens). (a)(ii) Name one reagent used to test for each of the following food substances in the school laboratory: (α) proteins; (β) lipids; (γ) reducing sugars. Answer: - Proteins: Biuret reagent (or NaOH + CuSO₄). - Lipids: Sudan III stain test or ethanol emulsion test (Emulsion test using ethanol and water). - Reducing sugars: Benedict's solution (heat with Benedict's reagent). (b)(i) What is a longitudinal wave? Answer: A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave, producing compressions and rarefactions (e.g., sound waves in air). (b)(ii) State two differences between music and noise. Answer: 1. Music has a definite pitch and harmonious arrangement of sounds (organized frequency content); noise is a random, disorganized sound lacking definite pitch. 2. Music is usually pleasant and structured (melody, rhythm); noise is unpleasant or disruptive and lacks musical structure. (c)(i) Explain the term ruminants as used in animal production. Answer: Ruminants are herbivorous mammals that have a complex stomach with four compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum) and that chew cud — regurgitated, partially digested food — to aid digestion of fibrous plant material (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats). (c)(ii) State three advantages of rearing rabbits. Answer: 1. Rapid reproduction and short generation interval leading to quick flock expansion. 2. High feed conversion efficiency and good meat yield (lean meat). 3. Low space requirement and relatively low start-up costs; by-products (fur, manure) are useful. (d)(i) What is a standard solution? Answer: A standard solution is a solution of known and accurately known concentration used in quantitative chemical analysis (e.g., titrations). (d)(ii) A standard hydrochloric acid solution is to be prepared from a stock solution of HCl of concentration 10.0 mol·dm⁻³. (α) What volume of the stock solution is needed to prepare 0.50 dm³ of 2.0 M HCl? (β) Calculate the volume of water required. Answer: Using C1V1 = C2V2. C1 = 10.0 mol·dm⁻³, C2 = 2.0 mol·dm⁻³, V2 = 0.50 dm³.

Integrated Science – Paper 2 (Answers) Instructions: Full answers to the questions as shown in the provided exam pages. 1. (a)(i) What are exotic breeds? Answer: Exotic breeds are breeds of plants or animals that originate from a different geographical region or country and have been introduced into a new region. They are not native to the area where they are being kept or cultivated. (a)(ii) State three advantages of exotic breeds of poultry. Answer: 1. Higher productivity: many exotic poultry breeds lay more eggs and grow faster, giving higher meat and egg yields. 2. Improved feed conversion: some exotic breeds convert feed to body mass more efficiently. 3. Better market demand: exotic breeds often meet consumer preferences for size and appearance, fetching higher prices. (b)(i) Define relative atomic mass. Answer: Relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element is the weighted average mass of the atoms of the element compared to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. It is a dimensionless quantity. (b)(ii) Calculate the molar mass of each of the following compounds: (α) Na2CO3 (β) CH3COOH. (Use Na = 23, O = 16, C = 12, H = 1) Answer: (α) Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3: Molar mass = 2(23) + 1(12) + 3(16) = 46 + 12 + 48 = 106 g·mol⁻¹. (β) Ethanoic acid (acetic acid), CH3COOH: Formula often written C2H4O2. Molar mass = 2(12) + 4(1) + 2(16) = 24 + 4 + 32 = 60 g·mol⁻¹. (c)(i) Name two organisms commonly used in biotechnology. Answer: 1. Escherichia coli (bacterium). 2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). (c)(ii) Give one example of an industry which uses each of the organisms named in (i). Answer: - Escherichia coli: used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry for production of recombinant proteins (e.g., insulin). - Saccharomyces cerevisiae: used in the food and beverage industry for baking and fermentation (bread, beer, wine). (d)(i) List three other sources of electric power generation apart from hydro and thermal sources. Answer: 1. Solar (photovoltaic and solar thermal). 2. Wind power. 3. Nuclear power. (Other acceptable answers: geothermal, tidal, biomass) (d)(ii) State the energy transformation that takes place in any two of the listed sources. Answer: - Solar PV: Converts solar (radiant) energy → electrical energy. - Wind power: Converts kinetic energy of wind → mechanical energy (rotation of turbine) → electrical energy. - Nuclear power: Nuclear energy (from fission) → thermal energy → mechanical energy (steam driving turbine) → electrical energy. 2. (a)(i) The nuclides of sodium and fluorine are represented as ²³₁₁Na and ¹⁹₉F respectively. State the number of: (α) protons in each atom; (β) neutrons in each atom. Answer: For ²³₁₁Na: number of protons = 11 (atomic number). Number of neutrons = mass number − atomic number = 23 − 11 = 12. For ¹⁹₉F: number of protons = 9. Number of neutrons = 19 − 9 = 10. (a)(ii) Draw a diagram to show the electron configuration of: (α) sodium ion; (β) fluorine ion. Answer: - Sodium ion (Na⁺): neutral Na has 11 electrons (2,8,1). Na⁺ (lost one electron) has 10 electrons: electron configuration 2,8 (same as neon). Diagram: nucleus labeled Na with + charge; two electrons in first shell, eight electrons in second shell. - Fluoride ion (F⁻): neutral F has 9 electrons (2,7). F⁻ (gained one) has 10 electrons: electron configuration 2,8. Diagram: nucleus labeled F with − charge; two electrons in first shell, eight electrons in second shell. (b)(i) State two reasons why salt is important in the diet of humans. Answer: 1. Source of sodium and chloride ions required for nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction. 2. Helps maintain osmotic balance and fluid electrolyte balance in the body. (b)(ii) Give two examples of an abiotic factor which is non-climatic in terrestrial ecosystem.

*SOLUTIONS* *Question 1* *(a)* *(i)* Exotic breeds refer to poultry breeds that are not native to a particular region or country. They are often introduced for their unique characteristics, such as high egg production, fast growth rates, or specific physical traits. *(ii)* Three advantages of exotic breeds of poultry: 1. High egg production or meat yield. 2. Adaptability to different management systems with proper care. 3. Introduction of new genetic traits for breeding programs. *(b)* *(i)* Relative atomic mass is the average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. *(ii)* Calculate the molar mass: (A) Na₂CO₃ = (2_23) + 12 + (3_16) = 46 + 12 + 48 = *106 g/mol* (B) CH₃COOH = 12 + (3_1) + 12 + (2_16) + 1 = 12 + 3 + 12 + 32 + 1 = *60 g/mol* *(c)* *(i)* Two organisms commonly used in biotechnology: _E. coli_, yeast. *(ii)* Industry examples: - _E. coli_: Production of insulin. - Yeast: Brewing and baking industry. *(d)* *(i)* Three other sources of electric power generation: solar, wind, nuclear. *(ii)* Energy transformation in two sources: - Solar: solar energy → electrical energy. - Nuclear: nuclear energy → thermal energy → electrical energy. *Question 2* *(a)* *(i)* (A) protons in each atom: Na (11), F (9). (B) neutrons in each atom: Na (12), F (10). *(ii)* Electron configuration diagram: - Sodium ion (Na⁺): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶. - Fluorine ion (F⁻): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶. *(b)* *(i)* Two reasons salt is important: 1. Regulates fluid balance. 2. Essential for nerve and muscle function. *(ii)* Two non-climatic abiotic factors: soil pH, salinity. *(c)* *(i)* An electrical conductor is a material that allows electric current to flow through it. *(ii)* Current calculation: 1/R_total = 1/3 + 1/5 = 8/15; R_total = 1.875 Ω. I = V/R = 6/1.875 = 3.2 A. *(d)* *(i)* Ear-notching is for identification by cutting notches; ear-tagging uses tags for identification. *(ii)* Three ecto-parasites in West Africa: ticks, lice, mites. *Question 3* *(a)* *(i)* Three functions of the respiratory system: gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, vocalization. *(ii)* Reagents for testing: (A) proteins: Biuret reagent. (B) lipids: Sudan III. (Γ) reducing sugars: Benedict's reagent.

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