UPSC POLITY NOTES 2026

■ PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT ◇ The Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government, both at the Centre and in the states. Articles 74 and 75 deal with the parliamentary system at the Centre and Articles 163 and 164 in the states. ◇ The parliamentary government is also known as cabinet government or responsible government or Westminster model of government and is prevalent in Britain, Japan, Canada, India among others. The presidential government, on the other hand, is also known as non-responsible or non-parliamentary or fixed executive system of government and is prevalent in USA, Brazil, Russia, Sri Lanka among others. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_polity_notes

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■ LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF PRESIDENT [PART 1] #President ◇ He can summon or prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha. He can also summon a joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament, which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. ◇ He can address the Parliament at the commencement of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year. ◇ He can send messages to the Houses of Parliament, whether with respect to a bill pending in the Parliament or otherwise. ◇ He can appoint any member of the Lok Sabha to preside over its proceedings when the offices of both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker fall vacant. Similarly, he can also appoint any member of the Rajya Sabha to preside over its proceedings when the offices of both the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman fall vacant. ◇ He nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art and social service. ◇ He can nominate two members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo Indian Community. ◇ He decides on questions as to disqualifications of members of the Parliament, in consultation with the Election Commission. ◇ His prior recommendation or permission is needed to introduce certain types of bills in the Parliament. For example, a bill involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, or a bill for the alteration of boundaries of states or creation of a new state. ◇ When a bill is sent to the President after it has been passed by the Parliament, he can: • give his assent to the bill, or • withhold his assent to the bill, or • return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for reconsideration of Parliament. However, if the bill is passed again by the Parliament, with or without amendments, the President has to give his assent to the bill. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_polity_notes

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■ VACANCY IN THE PRESIDENT'S OFFICE #President A vacancy in the President’s office can occur in any of the following ways: ◇ On the expiry of his tenure of five years. ◇ By his resignation. ◇ On his removal by the process of impeachment. ◇ By his death. ◇ Otherwise, for example, when he becomes disqualified to hold office or when his election is declared void. ▪︎JOIN - @upsc_polity_notes

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■ IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT #President ◇ The President can be removed from office by a process of impeachment for ‘violation of the Constitution’. ◇ However, the Constitution does not define the meaning of the phrase ‘violation of the Constitution’. ◇ The impeachment charges can be initiated by either House of Parliament. These charges should be signed by one-fourth members of the House (that framed the charges), and a 14 days’ notice should be given to the President. ◇ After the impeachment resolution is passed by a majority of two-thirds of the total membership of that House, it is sent to the other House, which should investigate the charges. ◇The President has the right to appear and to be represented at such investigation. ◇ If the other House also sustains the charges and passes the impeachment resolution by a majority of two-thirds of the total membership, then the President stands removed from his office from the date on which the resolution is so passed.

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