UPSC POLITY NOTES 2026
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📌SINGLE CITIZENSHIP
🔸Though the Indian Constitution is federal and envisages a dual polity (Centre and states), it provides for only a single citizenship, that is, the Indian citizenship.
🔸In countries like USA, on the other hand, each person is not only a citizen of USA, but also a citizen of the particular state to which he belongs.
🔸Thus, he owes allegiance to both and enjoys dual sets of rights–one conferred by the National government and another by the state government.
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📌UNIVERSAL ADULT FRANCHISE :
🔸The Indian Constitution adopts universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.
🔸Every citizen who is not less than 18 years of age has a right to vote without any discrimination of caste, race, religion, sex, literacy, wealth and so on.
🔸 The voting age was reduced to 18
years from 21 years in 1989 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1988.
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📌 FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
🔸The original constitution did not provide for Fundamental Duties of the citizens. These were added during theoperation of internal emergency(1975-77) by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 on the recommendation of theSwaran Singh Committee.
🔸The Part IV-A of the Constitution (which consists of only one Article 51-A) specifies the eleven Fundamental Duties viz., to respect the Constitution, national flag and national anthem; to protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of the country; to promote the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people; to preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture and so on.
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📌 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
🔸According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the Directive Principles of State Policy is a ‘novel feature’ of the Indian Constitution.
🔸They are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution. They can be classified
into three broad cat-egories–socialistic, Gandhian and liberalintellectual.
🔸The Directive Principles are meant for promoting the ideal of social and economic democracy. They seek to establish a ‘welfare state’ in India
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☘️ Based upon PYQ & Current Affair Themes
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☘️ Integration of Thinkers, Case Studies etc
Component 2:
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👉 Handwritten Model Answers
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👉 GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL yearly current affairs booklet 2025-26 - GEOGRAPHIKA
**Students will get Topper's handwritten model answer booklets with GEO 300 + Batch
For Queries, Call at 9311082312 or fill the form at https://forms.gle/dqijMWGvTa3BCU3N6
[CLICK HERE - To watch Topper's talk with AIR 67 - Farkhanda Qureshi & Shikha Ma'am]
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