UPSC POLITY NOTES 2026
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Shruti sharma air 1 laxmikanth notes
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■ EXECUTIVE POWERS OF PRESIDENT
#President
◇ All executive actions of the Government of India are formally taken in his name.
◇ He can make rules specifying the manner in which the orders and other instruments made and executed in his name shall be authenticated.
◇ He can make rules for more convenient transaction of business of the Union government, and for allocation of the said business among the ministers.
◇ He appoints the prime minister and the other ministers. They hold office during his pleasure.
◇ He appoints the attorney general of India and determines his remuneration. The attorney general holds office during the pleasure of the President.
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📌 REPUBLIC
🔸A democratic polity can be classified into two categories– monarchy and republic. In a monarchy, the head of the state (usually king or queen) enjoys a hereditary position, that is, he comes into office through succession, e.g., Britain.
🔸 In a republic, on the other hand, the head of the state is always elected directly or indirectly for a fixed period, e.g., USA.
🔸Therefore, the term ‘republic’ in our Preamble indicates that India has an elected head called the president. He is elected indirectly for a fixed period of five years.
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📌 DEMOCRATIC
🔸A democratic polity, as stipulated in the Preamble, is.based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty, that is, possession of supreme power by the people. Democracy is of two types–direct and indirect. In direct democracy, the people exercise their supreme power directly as is the case in Switzerland. There are four devices of direct democracy, namely, Referendum, Initiative, Recall and Plebiscite
🔸In indirect democracy, on the other hand, the representatives elected by the people exercise the supreme power and thus carry on the government and make the laws. This type of democracy, also known as representative democracy, is of two kinds–parliamentary and presidential.
🔸The Indian Constitution provides for representative parliamentary democracy under which the executive is responsible to the legislature for all its policies and actions.
