PSIR Optional Political Science and International Relation

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*🛡️Moonlight Programme* ♟️Recently, the European Space Agency (ESA) at the International Astronautical Congress, launched its Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS) programme. ♟️The programme will have a constellation of about five lunar satellites (one for high data rate communications and four for navigation) that will allow accurate autonomous landings, high-speed communication, and surface mobility.  ♟️It is Europe’s first-ever dedicated satellite constellation for telecommunication and navigation services for the Moon. ♟️These satellites will reportedly enable data transfer over 2,50,000 miles or 4,00,000 kilometres between the Earth and the Moon.  ♟️The prime focus of the Moonlight programme will be to offer coverage at the Moon’s South Pole. ♟️The South Pole of the moon is a key area for many missions owing to lighting conditions and the potential presence of water ice within craters that perpetually remain in the shadows.  ♟️As part of the programme, the first step will be the launch of Lunar Pathfinder, a communications relay satellite built by Surrey Satellite Technology LTD, in 2026.  ♟️The initial services of the programme will reportedly begin by the end of 2028, and the system is said to be fully operational by 2030.  ♟️The ESA is working with NASA and the Japanese space Agency JAXA on LunaNet, which is essentially a framework to standardise communication and navigation for the Moon.

🛡️ *GPS Spoofing* ♟️GPS spoofing, also known as GPS simulation, refers to the practice of manipulating or tricking a GPS receiver by broadcasting false GPS signals.  ♟️Essentially, it misleads the GPS receiver into believing it is located somewhere it is not, resulting in the device providing inaccurate location data. ♟️This form of cyberattack undermines the reliability of GPS data, which is vital for a variety of applications, from navigation to time synchronization and more. 💎 *How Does GPS Spoofing Work?* ♟️It exploits the inherent vulnerabilities in the GPS infrastructure – the weak signal strength of GPS satellites. ♟️The Global Positioning System (GPS) functions by sending signals from satellites to GPS receivers on Earth. ♟️These receivers then calculate their position based on the time it takes for these signals to arrive. ♟️However, due to the weak signal strength of the GPS satellites, these signals can be easily overwhelmed by fake signals, resulting in inaccurate location data on the receiving device. ♟️Typically, a GPS spoofer begins by acquiring a basic understanding of the victim’s GPS setup, including the types of signals it uses and how they are processed. ♟️With that information, the attacker then sends counterfeit GPS signals that mimic the real ones. ♟️These fake signals are stronger, causing the receiver to recognize them as authentic signals. ♟️As a result, the victim’s GPS receiver ends up processing these counterfeit signals, leading to erroneous location information.

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🚨Most UPSC aspirants lose their UPSC attempt due to CSAT. Not because they aren’t capable, but because they ignored it till the end. _Don’t let that be your story!_ Join our UPSC expert Himanshu Tyagi for an exclusive session and learn:  ✅ CSAT Exam Pattern ✅ Past 6 Years’ Paper Analysis ✅Early prep strategy to qualify CSAT ✅Get all your doubts cleared live Session Details: 🗓️: November 12th, 2025 🕒: 8:00 PM 💻: Zoom Register Now!🔗 https://luma.com/6zntw25f Regards, _Team CL IAS_ 🚀

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