📚 LAW STUDENTS © 📚

🔰 K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) 🔰 Citation: (2017) 10 SCC 1 https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 💎 Background Challenge to Aadhaar scheme over privacy concerns. Petitioners argued that privacy is a fundamental right under Article 21. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 💎 Issues Is Right to Privacy part of Fundamental Rights? Can state collect personal data without safeguards? https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 💎 Judgment Unanimous bench held: ⚖️ Right to privacy is intrinsic to Article 21 (Life & Liberty). ⚖️ Includes autonomy, dignity, informational privacy and bodily integrity. ⚖️ Restrictions must be lawful, necessary and proportionate. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER 💎 Significance Landmark Right to Privacy judgment. Basis for later rulings on data protection, LGBTQ+ rights, reproductive rights, etc.

🔰 Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) 🔰 Citation: (2018) 10 SCC 1 https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ⌚️ Background Section 377 of IPC, 1860 criminalised “carnal intercourse against the order of nature,” which included consensual same-sex relations. Earlier, in Suresh Kumar Koushal v. Naz Foundation (2013), the Supreme Court upheld the validity of Section 377. Several petitioners including dancer Navtej Singh Johar challenged Section 377, claiming it violated Fundamental Rights. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ⌚️ Issues Whether consensual homosexual acts between adults are protected under Article 21 (right to life & personal liberty). Whether criminalisation of same-sex relations violates Articles 14 (equality), 15 (non-discrimination) and 19 (freedom of expression). Whether Koushal (2013) was rightly decided. https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ⌚️ Judgment A 5-judge Constitution Bench delivered a unanimous verdict. Section 377 IPC, insofar as it criminalised consensual same-sex relations between adults, was struck down. Court held: ⚖️ Article 21 guarantees right to dignity, privacy and sexuality. ⚖️ Article 14 & 15 prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation. ⚖️ Article 19(1)(a) protects expression of one’s sexual identity. ⚖️ Overruled Koushal (2013). https://youtube.com/c/LAWEXPLORER ⌚️ Significance Landmark ruling recognising LGBTQ+ rights in India. Expanded the scope of constitutional morality over social morality. Reinforced privacy rights laid down in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) (Right to Privacy case). Marked a step towards inclusivity, equality and dignity under the Constitution. 👉 This case is often called the “Indian Stonewall moment”, comparable to global human rights milestones.